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The term carp (pl.: carp) is a generic common name for numerous species of freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae, a very large clade of ray-finned fish mostly native to Eurasia. While carp are prized quarries and are valued (even commercially cultivated) as both food and ornamental fish in many parts of the Old World,[1] they are generally considered useless trash fish and invasive pests in many parts of Africa, Australia and most of the United States.[2][3]
Most cypriniformes have scales and teeth on the inferior pharyngeal bones which may be modified in relation to the diet. Tribolodon is the only cyprinid genus which tolerates salt water. Several species move into brackish water but return to fresh water to spawn. All of the other cypriniformes live in continental waters and have a wide geographical range.[4] Some consider all cyprinid fishes carp[by whom?], and the family Cyprinidae itself is often known as the carp family.
In colloquial use, carp usually refers only to several larger cyprinid species such as Cyprinus carpio (common carp), Carassius carassius (crucian carp), Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp), and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (bighead carp).
Carp have long been an important food fish to humans. Several species such as the various goldfish (Carassius auratus) breeds and the domesticated common carp variety known as koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus var. "koi") have been popular ornamental fishes. As a result, carp have been introduced to various locations, though with mixed results. Several species of carp are considered invasive species in the United States,[5] and, worldwide, large sums of money are spent on carp control.[6]
At least some species of carp are able to survive for months with practically no oxygen (for example under ice or in stagnant, scummy water) by metabolizing glycogen to form lactic acid which is then converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The ethanol diffuses into the surrounding water through the gills.[7][8][9]
Various species of carp have been domesticated and reared as food fish across Europe and Asia for thousands of years. These various species appear to have been domesticated independently, as the various domesticated carp species are native to different parts of Eurasia. Aquaculture has been pursued in China for at least 2,400 years. A tract by Fan Li in the fifth century BC details many of the ways carp were raised in ponds.[43] The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is originally from Central Europe.[44] Several carp species (collectively known as Asian carp) were domesticated in East Asia. Carp that are originally from South Asia, for example catla (Gibelion catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), are known as Indian carp. Their hardiness and adaptability have allowed domesticated species to be propagated all around the world.
Although the carp was an important aquatic food item, as more fish species have become readily available for the table, the importance of carp culture in Western Europe has diminished. Demand has declined, partly due to the appearance of more desirable table fish such as trout and salmon through intensive farming, and environmental constraints. However, fish production in ponds is still a major form of aquaculture in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation, where most of the production comes from low or intermediate-intensity ponds. In Asia, the farming of carp continues to surpass the total amount of farmed fish volume of intensively sea-farmed species, such as salmon and tuna.[45]
Selective breeding programs for the common carp include improvement in growth, shape, and resistance to disease. Experiments carried out in the USSR used crossings of broodstocks to increase genetic diversity, and then selected the species for traits such as growth rate, exterior traits and viability, and/or adaptation to environmental conditions such as variations in temperature.[46][47] Selected carp for fast growth and tolerance to cold, the Ropsha carp.[citation needed] The results showed a 30 to 77.4% improvement of cold tolerance, but did not provide any data for growth rate. An increase in growth rate was observed in the second generation in Vietnam,[48] Moav and Wohlfarth (1976) showed positive results when selecting for slower growth for three generations compared to selecting for faster growth.[49] Schaperclaus (1962) showed resistance to the dropsy disease wherein selected lines suffered low mortality (11.5%) compared to unselected (57%).[50]
The major carp species used traditionally in Chinese aquaculture are the black, grass, silver and bighead carp. In the 1950s, the Pearl River Fishery Research Institute in China made a technological breakthrough in the induced breeding of these carps, which has resulted in a rapid expansion of freshwater aquaculture in China.[51] In the late 1990s, scientists at the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences developed a new variant of the common carp called the Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). This fish grows rapidly and has a high feed conversion rate. Over 50% of the total aquaculture production of carp in China has now converted to Jian carp.[51][52]
Ornamental goldfish were originally domesticated from their wild form, a dark greyish-brown carp native to Asia, but may have been influenced by Carassius carassius and Carassius gibelio. They were first bred for color in China over a thousand years ago. Due to selective breeding, goldfish have been developed into many distinct breeds, and are found in various colors, color patterns, forms and sizes far different from those of the original carp. Goldfish were kept as ornamental fish in China for thousands of years before being introduced to Japan in 1603, and to Europe in 1611.[53]
Nishikigoi, better known simply as koi, are a domesticated varieties of common carp and Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) that have been selectively bred for color. The common carp was introduced from China to Japan, where selective breeding in the 1820s in the Niigata region resulted in koi.[54] In Japanese culture, koi are treated with affection, and seen as good luck.[55] They are popular in other parts of the world as outdoor pond fish.[56]
The term "invasive carp" refers to four related fish species: bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), silver carp (H. molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus).
In 2011, state and federal agencies, conservation groups and university researchers developed the Minnesota Invasive Carp Action Plan. The Plan was revised in 2014, and an addendum added in 2020 to provide additional detail on the status of invasive carp in Minnesota and on scientific developments.
In 2023, the DNR is using a structured decision-making process to inform a revision to the Minnesota Invasive Carp Action Plan. As part of that process, invasive carp stakeholders and experts will evaluate options for managing invasive carp in Minnesota, in particular in the Upper Mississippi River basin.
The first invasive carp captured in Minnesota was a grass carp in 1991 (Okamanpeedan Lake) followed by a bighead carp in 1996 (Lake St. Croix) and the first silver carp in 2008 (Mississippi River Pool 8).
Invasive carp captures in Minnesota and boundary waters have increased in recent years. The DNR confirmed from two to seven individual invasive carp captures each spring from 2013 to 2018. A total of 18 invasive carp were captured in 2019, 83 in 2020 and 71 in 2021. In response to the increased captures, DNR has implemented several Modified-Unified Method (MUM) events in Pool 8 of the Mississippi River and has increased contracted commercial fishing and tagging and tracking efforts. DNR continues to monitor and respond to invasive carp using innovative, targeted techniques.
Carp are a freshwater fish species from the family Cyprinidae, a group of fish native to Europe and Asia. Carp are not new to Wisconsin; in fact, certain species have been living in our lakes since the 1890s! Despite their longtime presence, carp are still considered an invasive species with harmful impacts on native ecosystems.
Believe it or not, common carp were actually brought intentionally into the U.S. by the Commission of Fish and Fisheries in the 1800s. Native to Europe, they were originally intended to be a game fish and source of food. Due to their ability to rapidly reproduce and tolerate a wide range of environments, they quickly spread into waterways throughout the country.
The common carp can be found in all the Yahara lakes. They were intentionally introduced into our lakes in the 1890s. Despite various removal efforts, carp have spread and continue to disrupt natural areas throughout the watershed.
Common carp have a significant impact on water quality in the Yahara Lakes. as seen in a 2007 carp exclosure experiment in Lake Wingra. Note the dramatic contrast in water clarity between the carp-free zone and the rest of the lake, taken in the summer when blue-green algae is most abundant.
Due to their long life cycles, lack of natural predators, and rapid breeding, carp eradication can be both difficult and expensive. In partnership with the Wisconsin DNR, local groups have organized carp harvests to remove these fish from our lakes. Using radio telemetry to track carp movement and large nets to collect the fish, 523,616 pounds (256.8 tons) of fish have been removed from the lakes since 2008. Clean Lakes Alliance has been active in financially supporting these efforts.
Carp that inhabit certain Wisconsin waters may be contaminated with high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs are highly toxic industrial compounds which can build up in the fatty tissue of fish and pose serious health risks. To ensure that you are consuming carp and other fish in a healthy manner, please review the DNR guidelines.
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