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Revenge is an American drama television series created by Mike Kelley and starring Madeleine Stowe and Emily VanCamp, which debuted on September 21, 2011, on ABC. The plot is inspired by Alexandre Dumas' 1844 novel The Count of Monte Cristo.[2] During its first season, it aired on Wednesdays at 10:00 pm (Eastern), and later aired on Sundays at 9:00 pm for seasons two through four.[3][4]

The series concluded on May 10, 2015. On August 4, 2015, ABC announced the possibility of a spin-off series. On November 6, 2019, it was announced that a sequel series with the same title was in the works at ABC, yet no sequel series was ultimately picked up.

A young woman poses as a new resident and returns to an affluent beachside town, the Hamptons, in order to seek revenge on the families that wronged her 20 years earlier. In the midst of her plan, she uncovers secrets, lies, and affairs, and finds herself in multiple dangerous situations that could tear the beachside town apart.

In January 2011, ABC ordered the script to pilot. In March 2011, actress Emily VanCamp was cast as the lead character, and shortly afterwards it was released that Ashley Madekwe was cast in the series.[10] Madeleine Stowe and Henry Czerny joined the cast as well.[11] Max Martini and Robbie Amell joined the cast respectively as Frank Stevens, a private investigator and Adam, a wealthy student, who is hoping to attend Yale.[12][13] James Tupper replaced Marc Blucas in the role of Emily's father, after Blucas was forced to drop out due to his commitment on Necessary Roughness. Recurring Gossip Girl star Connor Paolo was cast as a series regular playing the character of Declan Porter.[14] Former Nikita star Ashton Holmes landed a recurring role as Tyler Barrol, a Harvard classmate of Daniel Grayson.[15] On April 22, 2013, it was announced that Mike Kelley was stepping down as the executive producer and showrunner after season two, current executive producer Sunil Nayar was expected to take over during the anticipated third season.[16] On May 3, 2013, it was confirmed that Sunil Nayar would take the reins after signing a two-year deal with ABC Studios to remain as executive producer.[17] On May 21, 2013, it was announced that Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts had inked a two-year deal with ABC Studios which would have them serve as executive producers on the third season alongside Sunil Nayar.[18]

On May 13, 2011, ABC picked the project up to series.[19] On May 17, 2011, ABC announced that the series would air on Wednesday nights at 10:00 pm Eastern/9:00 pm Central, beginning in the 2011 fall season.[3] The pilot was screened early on ABC's website during a promotional tie-in with Amazon Kindle.[20]

On April 29, 2015, ABC announced that Revenge would be cancelled after four seasons, with its final episode broadcast on May 10.[25][26] On August 4, 2015, a possible spin-off series was announced.[27]

As of January 2021,[update] the series holds an approval rating of 69% on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes.[33] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 67 out of 100 based on 28 critics.[34] Dorothy Rabinowitz of The Wall Street Journal praised the series, writing, "The arrival of one pure and unadulterated drama about a passion as old as man is something to celebrate. That's particularly true when that drama is as spellbinding in its satisfyingly gaudy way, as Revenge turns out to be", while awarding particular praise to Van Camp for a "beguiling and entirely chilling study in revenge lust".[35] Writing for The New York Times, Alessandra Stanley compared the series favorably with Gossip Girl, concluding that it has "just enough campy suspense to be enjoyable".[36] Episode 5 of the series received particular acclaim, with C. Orlando of TV Fanatic writing that "Revenge took things to a whole new level this week", and noting with reference to the set-up of David Clarke that "Victoria seems the only one with a conscience."[37]

On May 10, 2012, ABC announced that it had renewed Revenge for a second season. The Hollywood Reporter reported that it was one of the first series to get a "stamp of approval" from ABC Entertainment President Paul Lee, who called the show "sexy" and "sticky", telling critics in January, "You just want more of it."[40]

The music for Revenge is composed by iZLER. In 2013, Intrada Records released an album, Revenge (Original Television Soundtrack), featuring selections from his work for the first two seasons.[63] From season three's "Dissolution" onwards, iZLER is credited as Fil Eisler. Angus and Julia Stone's "For You" is also heavily featured throughout the series.

In Australia, it debuted on Seven Network on February 13, 2012,[64] and the second season began airing on February 4, 2013,[65] the third season returning on February 3, 2014,[66] and the fourth season returning on February 23, 2015.[67]

In the United Kingdom, the series premiered on E4 on May 28, 2012,[74] with season two returning on January 7, 2013,[75] season three returning on January 6, 2014,[76] and season four returning on January 5, 2015.[77]

In Thailand, the series premiered on Channel 7 on March 28, 2015,[78] with season two returning on July 5, 2015,[79] season three returning on June 29, 2016,[80] and season four returning on August 26, 2016.[81]

Revenge is defined as committing a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real[1] or perceived.[2] Vengeful forms of justice, such as primitive justice or retributive justice, are often differentiated from more formal and refined forms of justice such as distributive justice or restorative justice.

Social psychologist Ian Mckee states that the desire for the sustenance of power motivates vengeful behavior as a means of impression management: "People who are more vengeful tend to be those who are motivated by power, by authority and by the desire for status. They don't want to lose face".[4][5]

Vengeful behavior has been found across a majority of human societies throughout history.[6] Some societies encourage vengeful behavior, which is then called a feud.[7] These societies usually regard the honor of individuals and groups as of central importance. Thus, while protecting their reputation, an avenger feels as if they restore the previous state of dignity and justice. According to Michael Ignatieff, "Revenge is a profound moral desire to keep faith with the dead, to honor their memory by taking up their cause where they left off".[8] Thus, honor may become a heritage that passes from generation to generation. Whenever it is compromised, the affected family or community members might feel compelled to retaliate against an offender to restore the initial "balance of honor" that preceded the perceived injury. This cycle of honor might expand by bringing the family members and then the entire community of the new victim into the brand-new, endless cycle of revenge that may pervade generations.[9]

Feuds are cycles of provocation and retaliation, fueled by a desire for revenge and carried out over long periods of time by familial or tribal groups. They were an important part of many pre-industrial societies, especially in the Mediterranean region. They still persist in some areas, notably in Albania with its tradition of gjakmarrja or "blood feuds", revenge that is carried out not only by the individual, but by their extended relations for generations to come.[11]

In Japan, honouring one's family, clan, or lord through the practice of revenge killings is called "katakiuchi" (敵討ち). These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. Today, katakiuchi is most often pursued by peaceful means, but revenge remains an important part of Japanese culture.[14]

Philosophers tend to believe that to punish and to take revenge are vastly different activities:[15] "One who undertakes to punish rationally does not do so for the sake of the wrongdoing, which is now in the past - but for the sake of the future, that the wrongdoing shall not be repeated, either by him, or by others who see him, or by others who see him punished".[16] In contrast, seeking revenge is motivated by a yearning to see a transgressor suffer; revenge is necessarily preceded by anger, whereas punishment doesn't have to be.[17]

Belief in the just-world fallacy is also associated with revenge: in particular, having strong experiences or challenges against, can increase distress and motivate individuals to seek revenge, as a means of justice restoration.[18]

A growing body of research reveals that a vengeful disposition is correlated to adverse health outcomes: strong desires for revenge and greater willingness to act on these desires have been correlated with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychiatric morbidity.[19]

The popular expression "revenge is a dish best served cold" suggests that revenge is more satisfying if enacted when unexpected or long-feared, inverting traditional civilized[20] revulsion toward "cold-blooded" violence.[21]

A Japanese proverb states, "If you want revenge, then dig two graves". While this reference is frequently misunderstood by Western audiences, the Japanese reader understands that this proverb means that enactors of revenge must be more dedicated to killing their enemy than to surviving the ordeal themselves.[28]

Revenge is a popular subject across many forms of art. Some examples include the painting Herodias' Revenge by Juan de Flandes and the operas Don Giovanni and The Marriage of Figaro, both by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In Japanese art, revenge is a theme in various woodblock prints depicting the forty-seven rōnin by many well-known and influential artists, including Utagawa Kuniyoshi. The Chinese playwright Ji Junxiang used revenge as the central theme in his theatrical work The Orphan of Zhao;[29] it depicts more specifically familial revenge, which is placed in the context of Confucian morality and social hierarchical structure.[30]

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