Chess Engine History

[Lorna Schildt]

Chessis a two-player strategy board game played on a checkerboard with 64 squares, arranged in an 88 grid. Played by millions of people worldwide, chess is believed to be derived from the Indian game chaturanga sometime before the 7th century.

Artificial intelligence is a revolution in itself with numerous feats of accomplishments. The use of AI in the real world and real-life scenarios is ample. It has a wide array of use cases to improve the quality of life in general. Another wonderful use of artificial intelligence is in chess.

In 1951, Alan Turing was the first to publish a program, developed on paper, that was capable of playing a full game of chess. Consistent developments were made in the upcoming years. New chess games and chess engines were developed during this time period. However, these AI chess engines had yet to achieve success on a higher level, possibly due to the lack of effective resources and tools.

It has a rating of 3438 (the engine ratings are not FIDE ratings, but the player pool for engines is much stronger than for humans, so theoretically a FIDE rating for Stockfish 9 would be even higher). The result of the two modern clashes of chess engines are as follows, according to Wikipedia:

And ultimately they make these players much better both with opening theory and other tricks up their sleeves. There is still room for human error. These errors can be exploited by players to gain advantages and create interesting games of attacking chess.

No matter what level of programmer you are, you will have a great time exploring the numerous aspects of building your own chess engine. I firmly believe that programmers and developers should try to develop a game with Python and AI.

If you are an intermediate AI developer, you can start implementing the functionalities of the pieces and their respective movements. Each piece has its own representation and notation for the particular motion. You need to implement these positions and also compute the capturing of each of these pieces. All this work does not have to be perfect to develop the skills and get a working program.

Finally, for advanced programmers and AI developers, you can study a bunch of games and chess engines that have been developed in recent years. Using the data available, you can construct deep learning neural networks for your chess engine. The chess engine can learn from games played since the 1800s. Chess has a huge data set, allowing developers to create some quality chess engines from scratch by themselves.

The history of chess began nearly 1500 years ago, and over the past century and a half the game has changed drastically. No technology or strategy, however, has changed chess as much as the introduction of chess engines. Despite only coming into existence within the previous 70 years, the introduction of chess engines has molded and defined how top chess is played today.

In 1912 Leonardo Torres Quevedo built the first real instance of a chess computer, an automaton named El Ajedrecista.[2] Unlike the Mechanical Turk, El Ajedrecista was actually the first autonomous machine capable of playing chess. El Ajedrecista could play an endgame with white, in which white has a king and rook, while black only has a king. The machine was capable of checkmating the black king (played by a human) every time, and able to identify illegal moves.[3] El Ajedrecista marked the first actual chess engine, and created lots of excitement around the field in general.

World War II led to astonishing technological breakthroughs, the largest of these being the invention/creation of the computer. Two men, Alan Turing and Claude Shannon pioneered these innovations, and come the end of WWII both would pick up an interest in computer chess. In 1950, Claude Shannon published a paper detailing a program that could potentially play chess against a human.[4] One year later, Alan Turing created the first computer chess playing algorithm, yet the hardware at the time lacked in power. Turing tested his algorithm by hand, and although the algorithm itself was weak, Turing and Shannon had laid the foundation of greatness.[citation needed]

In 1951 a close colleague of Turing, Dietrich Prinz, created and implemented a basic chess algorithm that was capable of solving mate in two. The algorithm ran on the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially available computer, and although lacking the power to play a full game it served as a proof of concept for chess computing.[5]

Finally, in 1957 an IBM engineer named Alex Bernstein created the world's first fully automated chess engine. The engine was built for the IBM 704 mainframe, and took around eight minutes per move.[6] Capable of playing an entire game, this engine marked the real beginning of chess computing.

The most iconic game algorithm of all, the Minimax algorithm and its alpha-beta pruning optimization, was and remains key to chess programming and optimization. This algorithm, initially proven in 1928 by John von Neumann, focuses on maximizing one players score while minimizing the other's. Major improvements to this algorithm were developed specifically for chess programming with the main goal of increasing search depth. These included move selection techniques, heuristic approaches, iterative deepening, and opening/ending databases.

During this time certain chess grandmasters devoted themselves to the improvement of chess programming, with their advanced knowledge of the game. Most notably previous World Chess Champion Mikhail Botvinnik, who wrote several papers on the subject, specifically related to move selection techniques.[7]

Previously the greatest limiter people like Turing and Dietrich had to face, hardware advanced at an astonishing rate. In 1965 Gordon Moore observed that transistor count in computers had been doubling every two years, increasing hardware speed at an exponential rate. This is commonly referred to as Moore's law, and still holds true today.

Chess specific hardware also became prominent for chess engines in this time. In 1978 a chess engine named Belle won the North American Computer Chess Championship run by the Association for Computing Machinery, the engine's special hardware allowed it to analyze around thirty million positions in three minutes. Belle also held both opening and ending database's, greatly aiding the hardware speed. Two years later Belle became to first chess engine to receive a Master rating.

The chess engines of 1960s and 1970s failed to compete successfully with top chess players. In 1968, International Master David Levy offered $3000 to any chess engine that could best him in the next ten years. In 1977 Levy faced the chess engine Kaissa, winning the match without losing a single game.[8]

In 1980 Edward Fredkin, computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University, offered prizes for chess engines to break barriers in the chess world. These included $10,000 for the first engine to reach Grandmaster level, and $100,000 for the first engine to beat a chess world champion.[9] Suddenly competition in chess computing had become very real, and top minds were at play.

The team developed a new machine starting in 1988, named Deep Thought. Deep Thought had significant advantages over its previous version, and would stand apart from its competition. It became the first engine to beat a grandmaster when it played Bent Larsen in a regular tournament game the same year it came out.[10] The following year Deep Thought won the World Computer Chess Championship with an unbeaten 5-0 score. Chess engines had not yet surpassed humans, and Deep Thought fell to world champion Garry Kasparov in two matches the same year. For the following years Deep Thought remained the chess engine champion, eventually becoming Deep Thought 2 and winning the North American Computer Chess Championship for the fifth time.[10] IBM sponsored the team starting in 1994, and the time of Deep Thought was ending.

Kasparov's defeat marked the end of a time when the best humans could beat the engines. Money continued to flow into chess computing and the industry flourished, not without controversy however. In 2011, the four time reigning champion engine Rybka, was disqualified from the World Computer Chess Championship for code plagiarism.[11] New competitions sprang up, with the Top Chess Engine Championship being founded in 2010 with a stronger emphasis on automated play, longer games, and allowing stronger hardware.

Up until the late 2010s the world of chess computing was advancing slowly, but the progress remained consistent and the engines stronger than ever. That was until 2017 when a team of programmers at Google company DeepMind released a brand new engine, AlphaZero.

At the end of 2017 engineers at DeepMind released an engine that shocked the chess computing world. AlphaZero was fundamentally based on a different approach to chess computing, something that had never really been seen before. While previous engines had relied on searching through trees and evaluating positions, AlphaZero relied on a deep neural network for its analysis.[12] This essentially meant AlphaZero could learn chess by itself.

The initial tests with AlphaZero were staggering; in a 100 game match against the current strongest engine Stockfish, AlphaZero won 28 games and tied the remaining 72.[12] In many ways AlphaZero served not only as a breakthrough for chess computing, but for the AI world in general.

Since 2017, the presence of neural networks in the worlds top chess engines has only grown. All top engines nowadays, Leela Chess Zero, Stockfish, and Komodo have all included neural networks in their engines. Yet the deep reinforcement learning used for AlphaZero remains uncommon in top engines.

As many of us know Stockfish is the best chess engine currently many of us don't know the history of chess engines. I will be taking you from the first chess engine in the world to the best engine currently.

In 1770, the Mechanical Turk was created by a German writer and inventor named Wolfgang Von Kempelen. It was like a real-life human being like a Turk-like wizard figure with a smoking pipe and a resting pillow. As many would say this is ahead of the time, but this wasn't a real chess computer, a person behind it was playing for it so it wasn't the awesome mindblowing thing that destroyed chess intellectuals, it was just a person playing for it. It later got burned in a fire and only half of it was still intact, then a model of it was built in 1984 but this time it was an actual engine playing as a human mind wasn't needed anymore because of the new technology.

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