Herb usage from Wikipedia

[baihe]

The following is the article "Herb usage" that has been deleted from
Wikipedia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Herb_usage

== Herb Usage ==

This article discusses the use of herbs for various physical needs in
a very simplified way. As the use of herbs to treat diseases can be
complicated, depending on the condition of the patient, the stage of
treatment, as well as other herbs/drugs that are taken, this article
is not to be used for self-prescription, and neither is it to be used
for prescribing for others. This is especially true for large dosages,
repeated or long-term use of herbs or herbal formulas.

=== An Introduction ===

Herbs <ref>
http://www.who.int/medicinedocs/collect/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip57e/whozip57e.pdf
</ref>
have been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine
<ref> Ameenah G.: "Medicinal plants: Traditions of yesterday and drugs
of tomorrow": Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 27(1):1-93, February 2006
</ref> <ref>S. Natori: "Application of herbal drugs to health care in
Japan",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2(1):65-70, March 1980.
</ref> <ref>
G.I. Stafford, P.D. Pedersen, A.K. Jäger, J. Van Staden: "Monoamine
oxidase inhibition by southern African traditional medicinal plants",
South African Journal of Botany, 73(3):384-390, July 2007.
</ref>
<ref>Anita Jain, S.S. Katewa, P.K. Galav, Pallavi Sharma: "Medicinal
plant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan, India",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 102(2):143-157, 14 November 2005.
</ref>
to treat humans and animals. <ref> US Patent 6872709 - Therapeutic
agent for mastitis of livestock and method for treating mastitis using
the same agent </ref> <ref>Huisheng X., Liu H., A.M. Merritt, Ott
E.A.:
"Equine chronic diarrhea: Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine
review",
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 17(12):667-674, December 1997.
</ref>
<ref>M. S. Akhtar, Zafar Iqbal, M. N. Khan, Muhammad Lateef:
"Anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants with particular reference
to their use in animals in the Indo–Pakistan subcontinent", Small
Ruminant Research, 38(2):99-107, 1 October 2000.
</ref>
<ref>Snežana Jarić, Zorica Popović, Marina Mačukanović-Jocić, Lola
Djurdjević, Miroslava Mijatović, Branko Karadžić, Miroslava Mitrović,
Pavle Pavlović: "An ethnobotanical study on the usage of wild
medicinal herbs from Kopaonik Mountain (Central Serbia)",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(1):160-175, 20 April 2007.
</ref>
The usage of herbs is but one aspect in Traditional Chinese Medicine
(TCM), although it is probably the most important and extensive
aspect. Herbs are so extensively used that many herbs are also used in
everyday cooking, and these herbs include leaves, stems and roots
(such as ginger or garlic), various parts of the lotus plant, many
types of nuts and seeds (such as the ginkgo nut), as well as spices
(such as "bo he" or peppermint).

Most "herbs" are plant-based, but a few are mineral-based, and some
are even based on animal products. As many animals are facing imminent
extinction, including large animals such as the tiger, the animal-
based "herbs" listed here are for information purposes only, as it is
no longer legal to buy or sell them. Some animal-based products are
not only illegal, but are also likely to be fakes. In addition, it is
relatively easy to find substitutes in the plant world, if these
substitutes have not been banned or regulated.
<ref>Om P. G., Peter Berry O.: " Legislation relating to
nutraceuticals in the European Union with a particular focus on
botanical-sourced products": Toxicology, 221(1):75, 3 April 2006
</ref>
<ref>Victor A. T., Boris P. S.: "The Legislative Regulation of
Biologically Active Food Supplements Circulation in the Russian
Federation": Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the
United States and Around the World, Page 305, 2008
</ref>
<ref>Jonathan M., Jonathan F.: "Traditional and Alternative
Medicines":
Pharmacy Law and Practice (4th Edition), Pages 139-151, 2006
</ref>
<ref>Graham D.: "Sources of Standards Specific to the Pharmaceutical
Industry": The Law and Ethics of the Pharmaceutical Industry, Pages
85-133, 2006
</ref>
<ref> http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2005/february/tradoc_111147.pdf
</ref>
<ref>Shen-Kuan Y., Swee-Seng C., Yi-Min X., Peck-Lin C,:
"Regulatory control of Chinese Proprietary Medicines in Singapore",
Health Policy", 71(2):133-149, February 2005.
</ref>

==Usage of some Chinese herbs==

===Tonics===

Some herbs may be used as tonics for different types of "energy"
including "Qi" or 气 (air), "Xue" or 血 (blood), "Yang" or 阳 (positive
energy), "Yin" or 阴 (negative energy), etc. In TCM terminology, "Yin"
energy does not carry negative connotations. In fact, both Yin and
Yang energies, in equal amounts, are just as essential to maintain
health. "Qi" energy tonics are used to promote "Qi" when conditions
known as "Qixu" or lack of "Qi", occur. Similarly, "Xue", "Yang" and
"Yin" tonics are meant for conditions of "Xuexu", "Yangxu" and "Yinxu"
respectively.

The converse of herbs used as tonics are herbs to reduce or inhibit
the "evils", including "heat", "dampness", and "wind". Common symptoms
of "heat" are boils, sore throats and mouth ulcers, although these are
not exclusively symptoms of "heat". The "evils" can act together to
form compound evils such as damp-heat and wind-heat. To diagnose and
identify the root cause(s) from symptoms is not easy and should only
be attempted by trained personnel. For example, the root cause for
symptoms of "yinxu" could be "heat", and treating the symptoms without
treating its root cause can exacerbate the problem in the long run,
although in the short run the treatment seems to work. Tonics are
therefore not a cure-all, and a little knowledge can indeed be a
dangerous thing.

===General Usage (Part 1)===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Pinyin Name
!Chinese Name
!Latin Name
!Common Name
!Herb Usage
|-
|ren shen
|人参 {21} (Tone)<ref>The digits within the braces {} represent the
tones used to pronounce the term. There are 4 tones, so {21} means
that the first character is pronounced in the 2nd tone, and the next
character in the 1st tone. This differs from the standard way of
representing the tones, namely, by incorporating the tone within the
pinyin term itself, such as "ren2 shen1". The standard way of tonal
representation (such as that found in CEDICT) makes it difficult to do
a free-text search in a webpage, and is cumbersome when a term is
repeated within a page. For example, it is easier and more consistent
to search for "ren shen" rather than to search for "ren2 shen1".
Another reason why this non-standard way of tonal representation is
used is because Chinese characters are complex, so TCM pharmacists may
write the herb names in "short-form", namely, by using similar-
sounding characters with fewer strokes. Owing to this habit, the tone
can become more important than the actual character itself. For
example, the word 柴 is often written as 才, which sounds roughly the
same, although they are completely different in meaning. This is
similar to SMS (messaging or texting) convention, where "r" is used to
represent "are", and "u" to represent "you", etc. The tones are
generally obtained from the CEDICT project. </ref>
|radix [[Ginseng]]<ref>Eun-Joo S., Young Ho K., A-Young K., Seung-
Yeoul N., Ji Hoon J., Jong-Seok C., Sun Cheol K., Tran Phi Hoang Y.,
Hyoung-Jong Y., Won-Ki K., Kwang-Ho K., Hyoung-Chun K.: "Ginsenosides
attenuate kainic acid-induced synaptosomal oxidative stress via
stimulation of adenosine A2A receptors in rat hippocampus",
Behavioural Brain Research, 197(1):239-245 </ref> <ref>Wei Shi, Yutang
Wang, Juan Li, Hanqi Zhang, Lan Ding: "Investigation of ginsenosides
in different parts and ages of Panax ginseng", Food Chemistry, 102(3):
664-668, 2007.
</ref>
|Ginseng. Lit:human valuable_herb. (Literally) <ref> The term "Lit:"
is used to indicate the literal meaning of each Chinese character. For
example, 赤 can mean "red" or "naked" and 芍 means "peony", so for
simplicity, under "Common Name" for 赤芍, it is indicated as "Lit:red
peony". Although the translation of each character may or may not be
equivalent to the meaning of the term as a whole, it may give depth to
the understanding of the whole term. For example, 玉竹 is generally
translated as "jade bamboo", but it does not look like jade at all. In
fact, the character 玉 can also mean "jasper", so "jasper bamboo" is
perhaps more accurate in terms of describing how the herb looks like.
Where a character is never used alone, such as 艽 and 礞, the literal
meaning is just a repetition of the character itself. For example, the
literal meaning of 秦艽 is represented as "Lit:"Qin"_dynasty 艽". The
underscore character is used to concatenate words that represent a
single Chinese character. Note: Sometimes the translation of
individual characters will have a very different meaning from that of
the whole term. For example, in the term "黄莲", the two characters,
when translated severally, mean "yellow lotus", but the term "黄莲" as a
whole actually means "Coptidis Rhizoma".
</ref>
|Qi Tonic
|-
|xi yang shen
|西洋参 {121}
|Panax quinquefolium, Radix pancis quinquefolii
|American Ginseng. Lit:western ocean valuable_herb.
|Qi Tonic
|-
|ling zhi
|灵芝 {21}
|Ganoderma lucidum
|[[Reishi]] mushroom <ref>Daniel S.: "Ganoderma lucidum in cancer
research", Leukemia Research, 30(7):767-768, July 2006.</ref> <ref>Yi-
Zhen X., Sen-Zhu L., Albert Y., David P. La P., Zhaoqun D., Daniel Y.
L., Qing-Ping W., Qi C., Chong L., Zhi Z., Jun G., Zide J., Burton B.
Y.: "Ganoderma lucidum inhibits tumour cell proliferation and induces
tumour cell death",
Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Volume 40(1):177-185, 6 December
2006. </ref> <ref> Thulasi G. P., Cherupally Krishnan Krishnan N.,
Janardhanan K.: "Polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum
occurring in Southern parts of India, protects radiation induced
damages both in vitro and in vivo", Environmental Toxicology and
Pharmacology, 26(1):80-85, July 2008.</ref> <ref>Shih-Chung H., Chien-
Chih O., Jhy-Wei L., Tzu-Chao C., Han-Pon K., Jah-Yao L., Chin-Shiang
C., Song-Chow L., Ching-Hua S., Ming-Ching K.: "Ganoderma tsugae
extracts inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth via G2/M cell cycle
arrest", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 120(3):394-401, 8 December
2008.
</ref>
Lit:spiritual mushroom
|Qi Tonic
|-
|dang shen
|党参 {31}
|radix [[Codonopsis]] Pilosula <ref>T. B. Ng, F. Liu, H. X. Wang:"The
antioxidant effects of aqueous and organic extracts of Panax
quinquefolium, Panax notoginseng, Codonopsis pilosula, Pseudostellaria
heterophylla and Glehnia littoralis", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93
(2):285-288, August 2004</ref>
|Bonnet Bellflower. Lit:party/group valuable_herb.
|Qi Tonic
|-
|bai zhu
|白朮 {22}
|rhizoma [[Atractylodis]] Macrocephalae, [[Atractylodes]]
<ref> George Binh L., Chung Guang L., Charlie Changli X., Francis Kong
Thien C. David Frederick S.: "Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide
production and iNOS protein expression in lipopolysaccharide-
stimulated rat aorta and Raw 264.7 macrophages by ethanol extract of a
Chinese herbal medicine formula (RCM-101) for allergic rhinitis",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116(3):547-553, 28 March 2008.</ref>
|Lit:white art/technique.
|Qi Tonic
|-
|gan cao
|甘草 {13}
|radix [[Glycyrrhiza]]e, Glycyrrhiza Uralensis
|Chinese Licorice Root <ref> Bin L., Jing Y., Qingshan W., Ying L.:
"Isoliquiritigenin, a flavonoid from licorice, relaxes guinea-pig
tracheal smooth muscle in vitro and in vivo: Role of cGMP/PKG
pathway", European Journal of Pharmacology, 587(1-3):257-266, 10 June
2008. </ref> <ref>Chun Z., Jing Y.: "Protective effects of
isoliquiritigenin in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-
induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats", Pharmacological Research, 53
(3):303-309, March 2006.
</ref>
Lit:willing/sweet herb
|Qi Tonic
|-
|Zhi Gan Cao
|炙甘草 {413}
|
|Honey-fried Chinese Licorice Root <ref> Hiroko A., Nobuo O.,
Kohzaburo Fujikawa Y., Tomonori S., Shigeru A., Shizuo O.: "Effects of
glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid on growth and melanogenesis in
cultured B16 melanoma cells", European Journal of Cancer and Clinical
Oncology, 23(10):1549-1553, October 1987.</ref> <ref>Junzo K.,
Akiyoshi S., Takayuki A., Rie N., Hiroyuki Ichiki, Akira I., Masayoshi
K.: "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the antitussive
principles of Glycyrrhizae radix (licorice), a main component of the
Kampo preparation Bakumondo-to (Mai-men-dong-tang)",
European Journal of Pharmacology, 507(1-3):163-168, 10 January 2005.
</ref>
Lit:broil willing/sweet herb
|Qi Tonic
|-
|Jing Mi (Geng Mi)
|粳米 {13}
|
|Husked round-grained non-glutinous uncooked [[Rice]], japonica
rice.
|Qi Tonic
|-
|shan yao
|山药 {14}
|rhizoma [[Dioscorea]]e <ref>Jen-Hao Hsu, Yang-Chang Wu, I-Min Liu,
Juei-Tang C.: "Dioscorea as the principal herb of Die-Huang-Wan, a
widely used herbal mixture in China, for improvement of insulin
resistance in fructose-rich chow-fed rats",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 112(3):577-584, 25 July 2007. </ref>
|Lit:mountain medicine.
|Qi Tonic
|-
|da jao
|大枣 {43}
|fructus Jujubae
|[[Jujube]] Lit:large date
|Qi Tonic
|-
|feng mi
|峰蜜 {14}
|Mel
|[[Honey]]
|Qi Tonic
|-
|huang qi
|黄芪, (黄耆) {22}
|radix Astragali, [[Astragalus propinquus]] <ref>Xiaomei L., Haiyan
W.:
"Chinese Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease",
Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 12(3):276-281, July 2005.
</ref>
|Lit:yellow 芪.
|Qi tonic. Rejuvenates aging cells. Treats breast cancer. <ref>http://
www.cancersupportivecare.com/chineseformulary.html </ref>
|-
|Chao Huang Qi
|炒黄芪, (炒黄耆) {322}
|radix Astragali, Scutellariae Baicalensis
|Fried [[Astragalus]], Baical Skullcap Root, Dry Fried Scutellaria.
Lit:fried yellow 芪.
|Qi Tonic
|-
|gui yuan rou, (long yen rou)
|桂圆肉, (龙眼肉) {424}
|arillus Longan
|Dried Longan Pulp
|Blood Tonic
|-
|bai shao
|白芍 {22}
|radix Paeoniae Alba <ref>He-Ping Z., Ting-Ting W., Wei C., Chun-Yan
W., Dong-Feng C., Jian-Gang S.: "Characterization of chemical
components in extracts from Si-wu decoction with proliferation-
promoting effects on rat mesenchymal stem cells", Bioorganic &
Medicinal Chemistry, 16(9):5109-5114. 1 May 2008.
</ref>
|Lit:white peony.
|Blood Tonic
|-
|hu tao rou
|胡桃肉 {224}
|semen Juglandis
|Lit:walnut meat
|Blood Tonic
|-
|shu di huang
|熟地黄 {242}
|radix Rehmanniae Preparata
|Chinese Foxglove. Lit:cooked earth yellow
|Blood Tonic
|-
|he shou wu
|何首乌 {231}
|radix Polygoni Multiflori, [[Polygonum_multiflorum]] <ref>Pei-Gen X.,
Shan-Tian X., Li-Wei W.: "Immunological aspects of Chinese medicinal
plants as antiageing drugs", Journal of Ethnopharmacology 38(2-3):
159-165, March 1993</ref>
|Fleeceflower Root <ref>Wei-Xi T., Li-Chun L., Xiao-Dong W., Chuan-Chu
C.: "Weight reduction by Chinese medicinal herbs may be related to
inhibition of fatty acid synthase", Life Sciences, 74(19):2389-2399,
26 March 2004. </ref>
Lit:"He"_surname main/first black
|Treats hair loss
|-
|e jiao
|阿胶 {11}
|Colla Corii Asini
| [[Donkey]] or Ass Hide Glue <ref> Chong Z., Zhi-Kui W.: "Molecular
pharmacological basis of the YiSui ShenXu Granule in β-thalassemia
therapy", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 120(3):437-441, 8 December
2008. </ref>
|Blood Tonic
|-
|Yang Qi Shi
|阳起石 {232}
|Actinolitum
|Actinolite. Lit:positive initiate/rise stone.
|Yang Tonic
|-
|lu rong
|鹿茸 {43}
|cornu Cervi Pantotrichum, [[Cervidae]], <ref>Ying-Ming L., Su-Qin S.,
Qun Z., Jia-Xun T., Isao N.: "Study of traditional Chinese animal
drugs using FT-IR and 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy",
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 63
(3):565-573, March 2006.
</ref>
|Lit:deer/antelope/moose fluff
|Yang Tonic
|-
|lu jiao
|鹿角 {43}
|cornu Cervi
|Deer/Antelope Horn
|Yang Tonic
|-
|lu jiao jiao
|鹿角胶 {431}
|colla Cornu Cervi
|Deer Horn Glue
|Yang Tonic
|-
|lu jiao shuang
|鹿角霜 {431}
|cornu Cervi Degelatinatum
|Degelatinated Deer Horn. Lit:deer horn frost.
|Yang Tonic
|-
|rou cong rong
|肉苁蓉, (肉蓯蓉) {412}
|herba [[Cistanche]]s
|Lit:meat Boschniakia_glabra lotus.
|Yang tonic.
|-
|yin yang huo (cao)
|淫羊霍(草) {224}
|herba Epimedii, [[Epimedium]]
|Horny Goat Weed. Lit:lascivious sheep unrestrained (herb).
|Yang Tonic
|-
|du zhong
|杜仲 {44}
|cortex [[Eucommia]]e
|Lit:shut/out intermediary.
|Yang tonic. Treats lower back pain.
|-
|xu duan
|续断 {44}
|radix Dipsaci
|Japanese Teasel Root. Lit:continue break.
|Yang tonic. Treats knee pain, bone injuries, osteoporosis.
|-
|bu gu zhi
|补骨脂 {331}
|fructus [[Psoralea]]e <ref>Amit N. S., Nutan M., Devanand F.:
"Studied enhancement strategies for phytoestrogens production in shake
flasks by suspension culture of Psoralea corylifolia", Bioresource
Technology 100(5):1833-1839</ref>
|Lit:repair bone fat
|Yang tonic
|-
|gou ji
|狗脊 {33}
|rhizoma Cibotii, [[Cibotium]]
|Lit:dog spine
|Yang tonic. Treats arthritis and weak knees.
|-
|dong chong xia cao
|冬虫夏草 {1243}
|[[Cordyceps]]<ref>Weiyun Z., Jing L., Shuiqing Q., Jiaping C., Yi Z.:
"Effects of the exopolysaccharide fraction (EPSF) from a cultivated
Cordyceps sinensis on immunocytes of H22 tumor bearing mice",
Fitoterapia 79(3):168-173, April 2008 </ref>
|Lit:winter worm summer herb
|Yang tonic
|-
|yi zhi ren
|益智仁 {442}
|fructus [[Alpinia]]e Oxyphyllae
|Lit:aid wisdom kernel
|Yang tonic
|-
|ge jie, bi hu
|蛤蚧, (壁虎) {24}
|Gecko
|[[Gecko]] <ref>Jing-Nuan W.: "An Illustrated Chinese Material
Medica", Oxford University Press. 2005. Page 331. </ref>
|Yang tonic. Kidney and lung tonic.
|-
|nan sha shen
|南沙参 {211}
|radix [[Adenophora]]e <ref> Kyoko I., Megumi T., Makoto N., Miwa M.,
Haruhisa K., Yukihiko K., Munehisa A., Alison A. W., Robert J. N.,
George W. J. F., Naoki A.: "Homonojirimycin analogues and their
glucosides from Lobelia sessilifolia and Adenophora spp.
(Campanulaceae)",
Carbohydrate Research, 323(1-4):73-80, 12 January 1999.
</ref>
|Lit:south sand valuable_herb
|Treats yin deficiency and dry cough. Nourishes stomach.
|-
|bei sha shen
|北沙参 {311}
|radix [[Glehnia]]e
|American Silvertop. Lit:north sand valuable_herb
|Treats yin deficiency and dry cough. Nourishes stomach.
|-
|tian men dong, (tian dong)
|天门冬, (天冬) {121}
|radix Asparagi
|[[Asparagus]] Lit:heaven/sky gateway winter.
|Treats yin deficiency, nourishes kidney and lung. Treats dryness and
cough.
|-
|mai men dong, (mai dong)
|麦门冬, (麦冬) {421}
|radix Ophiopogonis <ref>Meijuan X., Guangji W., Haitang X., Qing H.,
Wei W., Yuanwei J.: "Pharmacokinetic comparisons of schizandrin after
oral administration of schizandrin monomer, Fructus Schisandrae
aqueous extract and Sheng-Mai-San to rats", Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 115(3):483-488, 12 February 2008.
</ref><ref>
Xiu-Min L.: "Traditional Chinese herbal remedies for asthma and food
allergy", Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 120(1):25-31,
July 2007.
</ref>
|Lit:wheat/barley/oats gateway winter.
|Clears heat. Treats yin deficiency. Treats dryness and cough.
|-
|shi hu
|石斛 {22}
|herba Dendrobii
|[[Dendrobium]]. Lit:stone a_unit_measure_of_weight.
|Clears heat. Treats yin deficiency and throat infection. Nourishes
eyes, kidney and stomach.
|-
|huang jing
|黄精 {21}
|rhizoma Polygonati
|Siberian Solomon Seal. Lit:yellow essence
|Treats yin deficiency, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, high blood
sugar. Improves heart function.
|-
|yu zhu
|玉竹 {42}
|rhizoma Polygonati Odorati, Solomon Seal [[Polygonatum]] <ref>Hongbin
C., Ruizhi F., Yi G., Lihong S., Jingli J.: "Hypoglycemic effects of
aqueous extract of Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati in mice and rats",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74(3):225-229, March 2001 </ref>
|Lit:jade/topaz/jasper/corundum bamboo.
|Yin tonic. Treats dry throat.
|-
|shan zhu yu
|山茱萸 {112}
|fructus Corni
<ref>S.H. Kwee, H.H. Tan, A. Marsman, C. Wauters: "The effect of
Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) on menopausal symptoms compared to
hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and placebo",
Maturitas, 58(1):83-90, 20 September 2007.</ref>
<ref>Ji Y., Xi Z., Weixing D., Shikai Y., Haiqiang H., Xu L., Yushan
L., Weidong Z.: "Chemical Fingerprinting of Liuwei Dihuang Pill and
Simultaneous determination of its major bioactive constituents by HPLC
coupled with multiple detections of DAD, ELSD and ESI-MS", Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 24 December 2008.</ref>
<ref>Chien-Chih C., Chia-Yun H., Chin-Ying C., Hui-Kang L.: "Fructus
Corni suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis related gene transcription,
enhances glucose responsiveness of pancreatic beta-cells, and prevents
toxin induced beta-cell death", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 117(3):
483-490, 22 May 2008. </ref> <ref>Myung Sook O., Mun Seog C., Wansu
P., Do Rim K., Hyunsu B., Youngbuhm H., Seong Kyu P.: "Yukmijihwang-
tang protects against cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity",
Reproductive Toxicology, 24(3-4):365-370, November-December 2007.
</ref>
|Asiatic Cornelian Cherry Fruit, Cornus. Lit:mountain 茱萸.
|Antibiotic. Treats yin deficiency, hypertension, priaprism,
impotence.
|-
|gou qi zi
|枸杞子 {333}
|fructus Lycii
|[[Wolfberry]]. Lit:枸杞 seed.
|Anti-aging. Treats premature white hair. Increases testosterone.
|-
|nu zhen zi
|女真子, (女贞子) {313}
|fructus Ligustri Lucidi <ref>Lirussi D., Gennari M., Buschiazzo H.,
Zaidenberg A.: "Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi by plant extracts used
in Chinese medicine",
Fitoterapia, 75(7-8):718-723, December 2004. </ref>
|Privet Fruit. Lit:girl true seed.
|Treats eye problems, including floaters, poor vision and dry eyes.
Treats premature white hair, weakness in the back and knees.
|-
|mo han lian, (han lian cao)
|墨旱莲, (旱莲草) {44}
|herba Ecliptae, [[Eclipta alba]]
|Lit:dark/ink dry lotus.
|Nourishes liver and kidney yin. Treats yin deficiency and bleeding
from external injuries. Strengthens immune system.
|-
|bie jia
|鱉甲 {13}
|carapax Trionycis, Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann, [[Trionychidae]]
|[[Turtle]] [[carapace]], Soft-shelled turtle shell
|Nourishes yin, ren meridian (ren mai) and chong meridian (chong mai).
Clears heat. Liver tonic.
|-
|gui ban
|龟板 {13}
|plastrum Testudinis, [[Testudinidae]]<ref>E.C.H. Yip, A.M.F. Liu,
J.T.Y. Wong, Y.H. Wong: "An aqueous extract of the popular Chinese
nutraceutical Kwei Ling Ko (Tortoise shell-Rhizome Jelly) activates
the PPARγ pathway and down-regulates the NFκB activity",
Phytomedicine, 12(10):748-759, 15 November 2005</ref>
<ref>Gyu-Tae C., Sang-Yeon M., Jang-Hyun K., Sung-Hoon K., June-Ki K.,
Cheorl-Ho K.: "Anti-thrombic activity of Korean herbal medicine, Dae-
Jo-Whan and its herbs", Vascular Pharmacology, 43(4):283-288, October
2005.
</ref>
<ref>Ning-yu Y., Guo-ping F., Yi-ming Y.: "The action of Radix
Rehmanniae and Plastrum Testudinis on beta-adrenergic receptor-cAMP
system", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 23(Issues 2-3):348, July-August
1988.</ref>
|Fresh-water [[Tortoise]] [[Plastron]]
|External: Treats non-healing sores. Internal: Nourishes yin, bones,
kidney, liver, ren meridian (ren mai) and chong meridian (chong mai).
Treats non-fusing of fontanel and jing deficiency.
|-
|nou dao gen, (nuo dao gen)
|糯稻根 (檽稻根) {441}
|radix Oryzae Glutinosae
|Lit:glutinous rice root.
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|chi shi zhi
|赤石脂 {421}
|halloysitum Rubrum
|Lit:red stone fat
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|jin ying zi
|金樱子 {113}
|fructus Rosae Laevigatae
|[[Rose_Hip]], <ref>Yuki M., Masato Y., Yoshihiro U., Norio S.:
"Flower flavonol and anthocyanin distribution in subgenus Rosa",
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 23(2):183-200, March 1995 </ref>
Lit:golden cherry seed.
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|chun bai pi, (chun geng pi)
|椿白皮, (椿梗皮} {122}
|cortex [http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/mpacms/at/article.php?
id=28023 Ailanthi]
|Lit:tree_of_heaven white bark/skin.
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|wu wei zi
|五味子 {343}
|fructus [[Schisandra]]e <ref> Chun L., Jian-Xin P., Sheng-Xiong H.,
Ji-Jun C., Jing-Ping L., Li-Bin Y., Yun-Bao M., Wei-Lie X., Xiao-Nian
L., Han-Dong S.: "A class of 18(13→14)-abeo-schiartane skeleton
nortriterpenoids from Schisandra propinqua var. propinqua",
Tetrahedron, Volume 65(1):164-170, 3 January 2009 </ref>
|Lit:five taste/smell seed.
|Kidney & Liver tonic
|-
|wu mei
|乌梅 {12}
|fructus Mume, prunus Mume
|black [[Plum]]<ref>Hyun Ae K., Yong-Jun K., Dong-Yeul K., John Hwa
L.: "Evaluation of antibacterial effects of a combination of Coptidis
Rhizoma, Mume Fructus, and Schizandrae Fructus against Salmonella",
International Journal of Food Microbiology, 127(1-2):180-183, 30
September 2008</ref>
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|wu bei zi
|五倍子 {343}
|galla Chinensis
|[http://www.mamaherb.com/Ingredients/View.aspx?id=564 Chinese
Gallnut]. Lit:five times seed.
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|fu xiao mai
|浮小麦 {234}
|fructus Tritici Levis, Triticum Aestivum
|unripe Wheat Grain. Lit:float small wheat.
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|he zi
|訶子, (诃子) {13}
|fructus Chebulae, [[Terminalia_chebula]]
|Lit:scold/curse seed.
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|shi liu pi
|石榴皮 {222}
|pericarpium Granati,
|[[Pomegranate]] skin
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|rou dou kou
|肉豆蔻, (肉荳蔻 )
|semen Myristicae,
|[[Nutmeg]]. Lit:meat nutmeg.
|External Sprains & Bruises
|-
|lian zi
|莲子 {23}
|semen Nelumbinis, [[Nelumbo]] seed
|Lotus Seed
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|Lian Zi Xin
|莲子心 (蓮子心) {231}
|Nelumbinis Plumula
|Lotus Plumule <ref>Jin-Yuarn L., Ying-Shu L., Chien-Jung L., Ann-Ru
W.: "Effects of lotus plumule supplementation before and following
systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide on the splenocyte
responses of BALB/c mice", Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(3):
486-493, March 2007.</ref>. Lit:lotus heart.
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|Lian Xu
|莲须 (蓮鬚) {21}
|Nelumbinis Stamen
|Lotus Stamen. Lit:lotus beard.
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|qian shi
|芡实 {42}
|semen Euryales, [[Erebia_euryale]]
|Lit:gorgon_fruit true.
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|[[sang piao xiao]]
|桑螵蛸 {111}
|ootheca Mantidis
|Mantis Egg Case. Lit:mulberry mantis_egg_case}
|Inhibits cough & bleeding
|-
|wu zei gu
|乌贼骨 {123}, 海螵蛸 {311}, 墨鱼骨 {423}
|os Sepiae
|[[Cuttlefish]] bone. Lit:black thief bone.
|Inhibits cough & stops bleeding
|-
|zi su zi
|(紫)苏子 {311}
|fructus Perillae
|Lit:(purple/violet) revive/recover seed
|Inhibits Germs & Fungi
|-
|zi wan
|紫菀 {33}
|radix Asteris, [[Asteraceae]], Asteris Tatarici <ref>"Antioxidant
activity of compounds from the medicinal herb Aster tataricus",
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology &
Pharmacology 136(2:109-115, October 2003</ref>
|Lit:purple 菀.
|Lung Tonic
|-
|bai bu
|百步, (百部) {34}
|radix Stemonae, [[Stemona]]
|Lit:hundred steps.
|Lung Tonic
|-
|kuan dong hua
|款冬花, 艾冬花 {311}
|flos [http://altmedtitles.com/omme/om613.cfm Farfarae]
|[[Coltsfoot]] Lit:cash winter flower.
|Lung Tonic
|-
|sang bai pi
|桑白皮 {122}
|cortex Mori Radicis, [http://cat.inist.fr/?
aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=19862553 Mori Cortex Radicis]
|Mulberry White Bark
|Slows Diabetes
|-
|ma dou ling
|马兜铃 {312}
|fructus [[Aristolochia]]e
|Lit:horse bag/pocket bell.
|Lung Tonic
|-
|ting li zi
|葶苈子, (葶靂子) {243}
|semen Lepidii seu [[Descurainia]]e, [[Lepidium]] or [[Descurainia]]
|Lit:葶苈 seed.
| Treats pyloric infarction
|-
|bai guo, (yin xing)
|白果, (銀杏) {23}
|[[Ginkgo Biloba]]
|Lit:white fruit.
|Alleviates Diarrhea
|-
|zung mei gou
|中美高 {131}
|[[Tridax procumbens]] (tridax), Herba tridacis procumbentis
|Lantern Tridax, Coat Buttons, Tridax Daisy. Lit:center pretty high.
|Lung Tonic
|-
|san qi (tian qi)
|三七, (田七) {12}
|radix Notoginseng, [[Panax_pseudoginseng]] <ref>Guang-hua L., Qun Z.,
Su-qin S., Kelvin Sze-yin L., Hao Z., Zhong-zhen Z.: "Differentiation
of Asian ginseng, American ginseng and Notoginseng by Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional
correlation infrared spectroscopy", Journal of Molecular Structure
883:91-98, 30 July 2008</ref>
<ref>Gabriel Y.F. N., Richard Y.F. W.: "Ultrasound Phonophoresis of
Panax Notoginseng Improves the Strength of Repairing Ligament: A Rat
Model", Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 34(12):1919-1923, December
2008 </ref>
|Lit:three seven (field seven).
|Alleviates blood stasis and external impact injuries
|-
|qian cao
|茜草 {43}
|radix Rubiae <ref>Wai-Pui T., Chun-Tao C., Ken L., Zhi-Xiu L.,
"Evaluation of the anti-proliferative properties of selected psoriasis-
treating Chinese medicines on cultured HaCaT cells",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 108(1):133-141, 3 November 2006</ref>
|Lit:madder/reed herb.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|hai gou bian, (hai gou bao), (hai gou shen)
|海狗鞭, (海狗寶), (海狗肾) {331}
|
|Seal Testes/Penis, [http://www.shyapublications.com/pdf/detailed.pdf
Otaria], Sea Lion <ref>David T., Ian S., Michael R., Callan D., "The
size and status of the population of southern sea lions Otaria
flavescens in the Falkland Islands", Biological Conservation, 121(3):
357-367, February 2005
</ref>
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|lu bian
|鹿鞭 {41}
|
|Deer Testes/Penis (Male Genitalia)
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|niu dan
|牛胆 {23}
|
|Cow gallbladder/bile. <ref> http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6451355/fulltext.html
</ref>
|Treats diabetes. Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|xiong dan
|熊胆 {23}
|Vesica Fellea Ursi
|Bear gallbladder
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|xiong dan zhi
|熊胆汁 {231}
|
|Bear bile
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|e yu dan
|鳄鱼胆 {421}
|
|Crocodile Gallbladder <ref>Lance V., Hamilton J. W., Rouse J. B.,
Kimmel J. R.,Pollock H. G., "Isolation and characterization of
reptilian insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide: Complete
amino acid sequence of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) insulin
and pancreatic polypeptide": General and Comparative Endocrinology, 55
(1):112-124, July 1984</ref>
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|hai ma
|海马 {33}
|Hippocampus
|Sea Horse
|Treats impotence.<ref>http://www.lancarsetia.co.id/product_detail.php?
pg=170&idr=192 </ref>
|-
|hai long
|海龙 {32}
|Syngnathus
|Pipe Fish. Lit:sea dragon.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|dang gui
|当归 {11}
|radix [[Angelica]]e Sinensis <ref>Xingbin Y., Yan Z., You L.: "In
vivo macrophage activation and physicochemical property of the
different polysaccharide fractions purified from Angelica sinensis",
Carbohydrate Polymers 71(3):372-379, 8 February 2008</ref>
|Lit: should return.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|zhi he che
|紫河车 {321}
|Placenta Hominis <ref>
Seok-Seong K., Sang Su W., Jintaek I., Jae Seung Y., Cheol-Heui Y.,
Hyang Ran J., Chang Gue S., Eun-Yi M., Seung Hyun H.: "Human placenta
promotes IL-8 expression through activation of JNK/SAPK and
transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 in PMA-differentiated THP-1
cells",
International Immunopharmacology, 7(11):1488-1495, November 2007</ref>
<ref>
Un-Ho J., Dong-Il K., Tae-Kyun L., Dong-Nyung L., June-Ki K., In-Seon
L., Cheorl-Ho K.:
"Herbal formulation, Yukmi-jihang-tang-Jahage, regulates bone
resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation mediated by tyrosine
kinase Src and cyclooxygenase expression", Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 106(3):333-343, 19 July 2006.
</ref>
|Lit:purple river vehicle.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|qi dai
|脐带 {24}
|Umbilical Cord
|Lit:navel strap.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|dan shen
|丹参 {11}
|radix [http://www.cmjournal.org/content/1/1/3 Salviae
Miltiorrhizae],
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_miltiorrhiza Salvia],
[http://chinesemedicinenews.com/glossary/ Miltiorrhiza] <ref>Francis
F.Y. Lam, John H.K. Yeung, Kam M. Chan, Penelope M.Y.:
"Dihydrotanshinone, a lipophilic component of Salvia miltiorrhiza
(danshen), relaxes rat coronary artery by inhibition of calcium
channels", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119(2):318-321, 26 September
2008 </ref> <ref>Yong-Guo Li, Long Song, Zheng-Tao Wang, Zhi-Bi Hu:
"Advancement in Analysis of Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma
(Danshen)", Journal of Chromatography, 24 December 2008.
</ref>
|Lit:red valuable_herb
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|hong hua
|红花 {21}
|flos Carthami, [[Carthamus_tinctorius]]
|[http://www.ccba.bc.ca/discuss1/_disc1/000011de.htm Safflower]
<ref>Akiko S., Takako Y., Eun Ju C., Takuya O., Yasuo S.:
"Antioxidative effects related to the potential anti-aging properties
of the Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu and Carthami Flos in
senescence-accelerated mice", Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 39
(1):69-82, July-August 2004 </ref>
Lit:red flower.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|chuan xiong
|川芎 {11}
|rhizoma Chuanxiong, [[Ligusticum_wallichii]], Szechuan [[Lovage]]
Root<ref>Min L., Shunnosuke H., Yasuo I., Shinya G.: "Specific
Inhibiting Characteristics of Tetramethylpyrazine, One of the Active
Ingredients of the Chinese Herbal Medicine ‘Chuanxiong,’ on Platelet
Thrombus Formation Under High Shear Rates", Thrombosis Research, 104
(1):15-28, 1 October 2001 </ref>
|Lit:sichuan 芎.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|chi shao
|赤芍 {42}
|radix Paeoniae Rubra <ref>Chang-hong W., Rui W., Xue-mei C., Yu-qi
H., Zheng-tao W., Cheng W., Jing C.: "Comparative pharmacokinetic
study of paeoniflorin after oral administration of decoction of Radix
Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats", Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 117(3):467-472, 22 May 2008</ref>
<ref>Genfa L., Jiang Z., Hong Z., Yimin Z., Liangxi W., Guo W., Ming
H., Donglen J., Lizhao W.: "The screening and isolation of an
effective anti-endotoxin monomer from Radix Paeoniae Rubra using
affinity biosensor technology", International Immunopharmacology 5(6):
1007-1017, June 2005
</ref>
|Lit:red peony.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|}

===General Usage (Part 2)===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Pinyin Name
!Chinese Name
!Latin Name
!Common Name
!Herb Usage
|-
|yu jin
|郁金, (鬱金) {41}
|radix [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=18376129 Curcumae],
[[Curcuma]] <ref>Chunhui D., Jie J., Ning L., Yingjia Y., Gengli D.,
Xiangmin Z.: "Fast determination of curcumol, curdione and germacrone
in three species of Curcuma rhizomes by microwave-assisted extraction
followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry", Journal of Chromatography A 1117(2):
115-120, 9 June 2006</ref>,
Curcumin <ref> Shishir S., Madan M. C., Bharat B. A., "Role of
Curcumin in Cancer Therapy" Current Problems in Cancer 31(4):243-305,
July-August 2007 </ref>
Curcuma aromatica <ref>http://www.einc.us/herbalextracts/turmeric.html
</ref>
|"Turmeric tuberous root". <ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?
_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TGX-4KPX8TB-4&_user=2611193&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000057998&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2611193&md5=b68c7208e222e03840acf4cddabb6bf8
</ref>
Lit:elegant/lush/strong_smelling gold.
Hindi name: जंगली हळी (Jangalii haldi).
<ref>http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Curcuma.html
</ref>
|Lowers blood lipids.
|-
|jiang xiang
|降香 {41}
|Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae, Rosewood, Heartwood <ref> Miller D. K.,
Sadowski S., Qui Han G., Joshua H.: "Identification and isolation of
medicarpin and a substituted benzofuran as potent leukotriene
inhibitors in an anti-inflammatory Chinese herb", Prostaglandins,
Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 38(2):137-143, November 1989 </
ref>
|Lit:drop/reduce fragrance.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|ju pi (chen pi)
|橘皮,(桔皮), (陈皮) {22}
|pericarpium Citri Reticulatae <ref> ZhiBiao Y., Yan Y., YiZeng L.,
Bao Z.: "In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the
extract of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae of a new Citrus cultivar and
its main flavonoids", LWT - Food Science and Technology 41(4):597-603,
May 2008 </ref>
|Lit:tangerine/orange peel.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|shui zhi
|水蛭 {34}
|Hirudo, [[Hirudo_medicinalis]]<ref>Xiaodong C., Jianquan N., Taochao
T., Xia L., Changling L., Jiepeng C., Yixiu H., Shenggeng Z., Qun B.:
"Investigation on recombinant hirudin via oral route", Peptides, 27(4):
836-840, April 2006. </ref>
|Leech
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|ru xiang
|乳香 {31}
|Olibanum
|[[Frankincense]]. Breast fragrance.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|mo yao
|没药 {44}
|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh Myrrha]
|Myrrh. Lit:sink/overflow/disappear medicine.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|e zhu
|莪朮 {22}
|rhizoma [http://www.acuatlanta.net/zedoria-tablets-p-17657.html
Zedoariae]
|Lit:莪 art/technique. Hindi name: Kachur.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|san leng
|三棱 {12}
|rhizoma Sparganii, [http://www.tcmbasics.com/materiamedica/
rhizoma_sparganii.htm Burreed tuber]<ref>Zuo-Hui S., Chang-Qing L.,
Lance B. B., Terry L. Vanden H., Paul T. S., Anoja S. A., Liu Z., Jing-
Tian X., Chun-Su Y.: "Qian-Kun-Nin, a Chinese herbal medicine
formulation, attenuates mitochondrial oxidant stress in
cardiomyocytes",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 74(1):63-68, January 2001
</ref>
|Lit:three edges/ridges.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|hu zhang
|虎杖 {34}
|rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, [[Japanese_Knotweed]] <ref>Jian D., Lian-
Na S., Wei-Wei X., Bao-Kang H., Min J., Jin-Zhong W., Hong Z., Lu-Ping
Q.: "Lipid-lowering effects of polydatin from Polygonum cuspidatum in
hyperlipidemic hamsters", Phytomedicine, 21 December 2008</ref>
|Lit:tiger walking_stick.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|yi mu cao
|益母草 {433}
|herba Leonuri
|[[Motherwort]]. Lit:benefit mother herb.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|tao ren
|桃仁 {22}
|semen Persicae
|[[Peach]] kernel.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|wu ling zhi
|五灵脂 {321}
|faeces [http://www.drug.co.kr/zeroboard/view.php?
id=Herb&page=4&sn1=&divpage=1&sn=off&ss=on&sc=on&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc&no=230&PHPSESSID=4e5ec8f70bfbe202cfd7c9c1c34511de
Trogopterorum], [[Pteropus]] <ref>Won-Hwan P., Chang-Hwan K., Young-
Choon L., Cheorl-Ho K.:, "Anti-inflammatory effects of a traditional
Korean herbal formulation, Silsosangami, consisting of seven medicinal
herbs: effect on hemolysis, neutrophil function, and gene expressions
of iNOS and COX-2", Vascular Pharmacology, 42(1):7-15, August 2004 </
ref>
|Lit:five soul/spirit fat.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|niu zhi, (niu xi)
|牛膝 {21}
|radix [http://www.asia.ru/ProductInfo/1267811.html Achyranthis
Bidentatae]
|Lit:cow knee.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|chuan shan jia
|穿山甲 {113}
|Squama Manitis
|[[Pangolin]] scales
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|di bie chong
|地鳖虫, (地蟞虫) {412}
|Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga
|[http://www.tcmtreatment.com/herbs/00-dibiechong.htm Ground Beetle].
Lit:earth soft_shelled_turtle worm.
|Promotes blood flow and alleviates blood stasis
|-
|Fu Hai Shi
|浮海石 {232}
|Costaziae Os,
|constaziae skeleton/bone. Lit:float sea stone.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|bai he
|百合 {32}
|Bulbus Lilii
|[http://www.foodsnherbs.com/the_superior_herbs.htm Lily Bulb]. Lit:
hundred whole.
|Treats yin deficiency and insomnia
|-
|dan nan xing
|胆南星 {321}
|Arisaema cum Bile
|Jack-in-the-Pulpit Rhizome & Bile. Lit:gall south star
|Reduces spasms, cramps, facial paralysis, and stroke
|-
|ban xia
|半夏 {44}
|rhizoma Pinelliae, [[Pinellia]] <ref>Jian-Mei L., Ling-Dong K., Ye-
Min W., Christopher H. K. C., Wei-Yun Z., Wen-Zhi T.: "Behavioral and
biochemical studies on chronic mild stress models in rats treated with
a Chinese traditional prescription Banxia-houpu decoction", Life
Sciences 74(1):55-73, 21 November 2003</ref>
|Lit:mid summer/grand.
|Lowers pressure in eyes, and reduces dampness
|-
|tian nan xing
|天南星 {121}
|rhizoma [http://zipcodezoo.com/Fungi/C/Colletotrichum_arisaematis
Arisaematis]
|Lit:sky south star.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|bai jie zi
|白芥子 {243}
|semen Sinapis Albae <ref>Jiguo Y., Hong X.: "External Application of
Herbal Medicine to Acupoints", Journal of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, 28(1):21-23, March 2008. </ref>
|Lit:white mustard seed.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|xuan fu hua
|旋复花, (旋覆花) {241}
|flos [[Inula]]e <ref>Lei A., You-Zhi Z., Neng-Jiang Y., Xin-Min L.,
Nan Z., Li Y., Hong-Xia C., Yun-Feng L.: "The total flavonoids
extracted from Xiaobuxin-Tang up-regulate the decreased hippocampal
neurogenesis and neurotrophic molecules expression in chronically
stressed rats",
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32(6):
1484-1490, 1 August 2008. </ref>
|Lit:revolve repeat flower.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|jie geng
|桔梗 {23}
|radix Platycodi,[http://www.herbalists.on.ca/resources/freeman/
PLATYCOD.html Platycodon grandiflorum]<ref>
E.A. Reininger, R. Bauer: "Prostaglandin-H-synthase (PGHS)-1 and -2
microtiter assays for the testing of herbal drugs and in vitro
inhibition of PGHS-isoenzyms by polyunsaturated fatty acids from
Platycodi radix", Phytomedicine, 13(3):164-169, 13 February 2006.</
ref>
|Lit:桔 stalk/stem
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|gua lou
|瓜蔞 {12}
|fructus [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampo_herb_list Trichosanthis]
|Lit:melon 蔞.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|qian hu
|前胡 {22}
|radix Peucedani <ref>Jimmy Yiu-Cheong W., Wang-Fun F., Jin-Xia Z.,
Chung-Hang L., Hoi-Lung K., Meng-Su Y., Ding L., Hon-Yeung C.:
"Reversal of multidrug resistance in cancer cells by pyranocoumarins
isolated from Radix Peucedani", European Journal of Pharmacology 473
(1):9-17, 18 July 2003</ref>
|Lit:front moustache.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|bei mu
|贝母 {43}
|bulbus Fritillariae
|Lit:shellfish mother
|Treats yin deficiency and stagnant phlegm
|-
|tian zhu huang
|天竹黄 {122}
|Concretio Silicea Bambusae<ref>Jae-Young J., Pyo-Jam P., Eun-Kyung
K., Chang-Bum A.: "Antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme
inhibitory activity of Bambusae caulis in Liquamen", Food Chemistry,
113(4):932-935, 15 April 2009.
</ref>
|Lit:sky bamboo yellow.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|zhu ru
|竹茹 {22}
|caulis Bambusae in Taeniam
|Lit:bamboo eat.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|zhu li, (zhu yu)
|竹沥 {24}
|succus Bambusae
|Lit:bamboo drip/drop.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|meng shi
|礞石 {22}
|lapis Chloriti Usta,
|Lit:礞 stone.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|Duan Meng Shi
|煅礞石 {422}
|Calcined Lapis Micae seu Chloriti
|
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|hai zao
|海藻 {33}
|[[Sargassum]] [http://www.seaweed.ie/medicine/chinese_medicine.lasso
Seaweed], Sargassum Fusiforme, [http://www.itmonline.org/arts/
seaweed.htm Sargassum Pallidum]
|Seaweed. Lit:sea algae.
|Reduces phlegm
|-
|ku xing ren
|苦杏仁 {342}
|semen Armeniacae Amarum
|Lit:bitter apricot kernel.
|Expels phlegm
|-
|kun bu
|昆布 {14}
|thallus Laminariae seu Eckloniae <ref>Quang-To L., Yong L., Zhong-Ji
Q., Moon-Moo K., Se-Kwon K.: "Inhibitory effects of polyphenols
isolated from marine alga Ecklonia cava on histamine release", Process
Biochemistry, 14 October 2008. </ref>
<ref>Murat A., Yong L., Fatih K., Sang-Hoon L., Moon-Moo K., Se-Kwon
K.: "Anti-HIV-1 activity of phloroglucinol derivative, 6,6′-bieckol,
from Ecklonia cava", Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 16(17):
7921-7926, 1 September 2008.
</ref>
|Kelp.
|Treats thyroid, and lymph glands
|-
|fo shou
|佛手 {23}
|fructus Citri Sarcodactylis
|Lit:Buddha's hand/palm.
|Treats digestive system
|-
|mu xiang
|木香 {41}
|radix Aucklandiae, [http://www.hptlc.com/berlin/2006pdf/poster/
41_WANG_Xianghong.pdf Aucklandia Lappa] <ref>Xiao-Chi M., Jian Z., De-
An G.: "Microbial transformation of dehydrocostuslactone and
costunolide by Mucor polymorphosporus and Aspergillus candidus",
Enzyme and Microbial Technology 40(5):1013-1019, 3 April 2007</ref>
|Lit:wood fragrance.
|Treats flatulence and lack of appetite
|-
|wu yao
|乌药 {14}
|radix Linderae <ref>José J. L., Isaac J., Gines M. S., Juan A. R..:
"Cinnamtannin B-1 as an antioxidant and platelet aggregation
inhibitor", Life Sciences, 82(19-20):977-982, 7 May 2008. </ref>
<ref>Chan W., Yue D., Jian Y., Guixin C., Changhong W., Zhengtao W.:
"Treatment with total alkaloids from Radix Linderae reduces
inflammation and joint destruction in type II collagen-induced model
for rheumatoid arthritis", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(2):
322-328, 4 May 2007.
</ref>
|Lit:dark/black medicine.
|Treats bed-wetting, hernia, and irregular menses.
|-
|xiang fu
|香附 {12}
|rhizoma Cyperi
|Lit:fragrance attach/depend_on.
|Treats digestive system
|-
|ju hong
|橘红 {22}
|exocarpium Citri Rubrum
|Tangerine peel. Lit:tangerine red.
|Treats digestive system
|-
|qing pi
|青皮 {12}
|pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride
|Peel of unripe orange. Lit:green skin.
|Treats digestive system
|-
|zhi ke
|枳壳 {32}
|fructus Aurantii <ref>Moonkyu K., Jong-Hoon K., Chongwoon C., Hwan-
Suck C., Chang-Woon K., Yangseok K., Minkyu S., Moochang H., Hyunsu
B.: "Anti-ischemic effect of Aurantii Fructus on contractile
dysfunction of ischemic and reperfused rat heart",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(3):584-591, 22 May 2007.
</ref>
|Lit:trifoliate_orange husk/shell
|Treats digestive system
|-
|zhi shi
|枳实 {32}
|fructus Aurantii Immaturus
|Lit:trifoliate_orange true
|Treats digestive system
|-
|chen xiang
|沉香 {21}
|lignum Aquilariae Resinatum
|[[Agarwood]]. Lit:sinking/heavy frangrance.
|Treats digestive system
|-
|chuan lian zhi
|川楝子 {143}
|fructus [http://www.mamaherb.com/Treatments/View.aspx?id=10006
Toosendan]
|Lit:sichuan/river/plain chinaberry seed.
|External : Treats fungi infections of scalp.
|-
|yan hu suo
|延胡索 {223}
|rhizoma [[Corydalis]]
|Lit:extend beard rope
|Treats digestive system
|-
|xie bai
|薤白 {42}
|bulbus Allii Macrostemi
|Lit:shallot/scallion white}
|Treats digestive system
|-
|shan zha
|山楂 {11}
|fructus Crataegi
|Hawthorn, [[Shan zha]] <ref>Anna Rita B., Federico E., Maria Camilla
B., Giovanni M., Franco Francesco V.: "Evaluation of the content and
stability of the constituents of mother tinctures and tinctures: The
case of Crataegus oxyacantha L. and Hieracium pilosella L.", Journal
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 44(1):70-78, 9 May 2007</
ref>
|Treats blood stasis, improves coronary circulation. Lit:mountain
hawthorn/quince
|-
|mai ya
|麦芽 {42}
|fructus Hordei germinatus
|[[Malt]]ed Barley
|Lowers blood pressure. Treats coronary heart disease, indigestion and
stomach distension.
|-
|gu ya
|谷芽, (穀芽) {32}
|fructus Oryzae germinatus
|[[Malt]]ed Rice
|Helps digestion
|-
|lai fu zi
|莱菔子 {223}
|semen Raphani
|[[Radish]] Seed.
|Treats digestive stagnation
|-
|ji nei jin
|鸡内金 {141}
|endothelium corneum Gigeriae galli
|Membrane of a chicken's gizzard. Lit:chicken internal gold.
|Treats weak digestion, vomiting, and diarrhea
|-
|shen qu
|神曲, (神麴) {23}
|massa Fermentata Medicinalis <ref>Hong-Fen L., Tal W., Yair M., Keren
S., Ella R., Ben-Eliyahu S., "The effects of a Chinese herb formula,
anti-cancer number one (ACNO), on NK cell activity and tumor
metastasis in rats", International Immunopharmacology, 1(11):
1947-1956, October 2001.</ref>
|Medicated leaven. Lit:divine melody.
|Helps digestion
|-
|Luo Shi Teng
|絡石藤 {422}
|Caulis Trachelospermi Jasminoidis
|Lit:meridian/winding stone vine.
|Treats weak digestion, and stomachache.
|-
|du huo
|独活, (獨活) {22}
|radix [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Stretchcat Angelicae
Pubescentis]
|Lit:alone/independent work/alive
|Alleviates wind-cold-dampness
|-
|wei ling xian
|威灵仙, (威靈仙) {121}
|radix Clematidis
|Lit:power/authority soul/spirit immortal.
|Treats weak digestion, and stomachache.
|-
|fang ji
|防己 {23}
|radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae
|Lit:protect self.
|Treats weak digestion, and stomachache.
|-
|qin jiao
|秦艽 {21}
|radix Gentianae Macrophyllae
|Lit:"Qin"_dynasty 艽
|Reduces inflammation
|-
|mu gua, fan mu gua
|木瓜, (番木瓜) {141}
|fructus Chaenomelis <ref>Shuhu D., Lina C., Kunfang M., Hongjian J.:
"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Chinese herb fructus
chaenomelis", Journal of Nanjing Medical University, Volume 21(1):
51-54, January 2007. </ref>
|Lit:wood melon.
|Treats weak digestion, and stomachache
|-
|sang ji sheng
|桑寄生 {141}
|ramulus Taxilli
|Parasitic loranthus. Lit:mulberry parasitic/depend_on growth.
|Treats weak digestion
|-
|wu jia pi
|五加皮 {312}
|cortex Acanthopanacis ([http://www.wikipedia.biz/wikipedia/ji/
Jiu.html Wu Jia Pi Jiu])
|Lit:five plus/increase bark
|Alleviates rheumatism
|-
|bai hua she
|白花蛇 {212}
|[[Agkistrodon]] seu [[Bungarus]] <ref>Rongrong W., Pengxin Q.,
Weijian J., Xiaofeng C., Yanqiu O., Xingwen S., Jinlian C., Jiashu C.,
Wei Y., Guangmei Y., "Recombinant fibrinogenase from Agkistrodon
acutus venom protects against sepsis via direct degradation of fibrin
and TNF-α", Biochemical Pharmacology 76(5):620-630, 1 September 2008 </
ref>
|Pitviper or Krait
|Treats weak digestion, and improves circulation
|-
|hu gu
|虎骨 {33}
|os Tigris
|Tiger bone
|Treats weak digestion, and improves circulation
|-
|bao gu
|豹骨 {43}
|
|Leopard/panther bone
|Treats weak digestion, and improves circulation
|-
|wu shao she
|烏梢蛇 {112}
|Zaocys
|Black-tailed snake. Lit:black tip snake.
|Treats weak digestion, and improves circulation
|-
|cang shu, (cang zhu)
|苍术, (蒼朮) {14}
|rhizoma Atractylodis
|Lit:blue/green/pale art/skill
|Improves night vision and diminishing vision
|-
|hou po (hou pu)
|厚朴 (厚樸){44}
|cortex Magnoliae Officinalis <ref>Soon Yew T., Matthew W., Feng Peng
Z., Andrew J., Eu Leong Y., Barry H.: "Characterization of antioxidant
and antiglycation properties and isolation of active ingredients from
traditional chinese medicines", Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 36
(12):1575-1587, 15 June 2004. </ref>
|Lit:thick Celtis_sinensis_var._japonica
|Treats weak digestion, and stomachache
|-
|huo xiang
|藿香 {41}
|herba [[Agastache]]s
|Lit:leaves_of_pulse_plants fragrance.
|Treats weak digestion, and stomachache
|-
|pei lan
|佩兰, (佩蘭) {22}
|herba Eupatorii, [[Eupatorium]]
|Lit:wears orchid.
|Treats weak digestion, and stomachache
|-
|sha ren
|砂仁 {12}
|fructus Amomi, Amomum xanthoides
|[[Cardamon]]. Lit:grit kernel.
|Treats vomiting, stomach bloat and nausea
|-
|bai dou kou
|白豆蔻 {244}
|fructus Amomi Rotundus
|Cardamom. Lit:white bean 蔻.[http://www.yinyanghouse.com/theory/
herbalmedicine/bai_dou_kou_tcm_herbal_database White Cardamon]
|Treats weak digestion, and stomachache
|-
|cao guo
|草果 {33}
|fructus Tsaoko<ref>Ting Z., Daofeng C., "Anticomplementary principles
of a Chinese multiherb remedy for the treatment and prevention of
SARS", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 117(2):351-361, 8 May 2008 </ref>
|Lit:herb fruit.
|Treats weak digestion, and stomachache
|-
|Jiang Huang
|姜黄,(薑黄) {12}
|Rhizoma Curcumae Longae, Curcumae longae Rhizoma
|turmeric rhizome <ref>http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/
25/12/1593/_pdf </ref>. Lit:ginger yellow. Hindi name: Haldii (Haldi).
|Reduces wind-cold. Also used in Ayurvedic medicine, and to treat
cancer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumeric#Medicinal_uses]. Used
extensively as a spice. <ref> http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/spice_small.html
</ref>
|-
|sheng jiang
|生姜, (生薑) {11}
|rhizoma Zingiberis Recens
|Raw ginger
|Reduces body odor
|-
|zi su geng
|(紫)苏梗 {13}
|caulis [[Perilla]]e
|Lit:(purple) revive/recover stalk/stem.
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|zi su ye
|(紫)苏叶 {14}
|folium Perillae
|Lit:(purple) revive/recover leaf.
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|sang ye
|桑叶 {14}
|folium Mori
|Mulberry leaf
|Slows diabetes
|-
|xiang ru
|香薷 {12}
|herba Elsholtziae
|Lit:fragrance 薷.
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|jing jie
|荆芥 {14}
|herba Schizonepetae
|Lit:cutting mustard.
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|fang feng
|防风 {21}
|radix Ledebouriellae <ref>J. I. Harper, S-L. Yang, A. T.
Evans, F. J. Evans, J. D. Phillipson, "Chinese herbs for eczema", The
Lancet, 335
(8692):795, 31 March 1990.</ref>
|Lit:defend (against) wind.
|Reduces stiff neck and pain back
|-
|bai zhi
|白芷 {23}
|radix Angelicae Dahuricae
|Lit:white 芷.
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|jiang huo (qiang huo)
|羌活, (薑活) {12}
|rhizoma seu radix Notopterygli
|Lit:An_ethnic_Chinese_group live/alive.
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|cang er zi
|苍耳子 {133}
|fructus Xanthii
|Lit:dark_green ear seed.
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|xin yi hua
|辛荑花 {121}
|flos [[Magnolia]]e Liliflora <ref>Ming Hao Y., Dae Gill K., Deok Ho
C., Tae Oh K., Ho Sub L.: "Screening of vasorelaxant activity of some
medicinal plants used in Oriental medicines",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 99(1):113-117, 13 May 2005.
</ref>
|Magnolia Flower. Lit:hot/laborious/bitter sprout flower.
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|bo he
|薄荷 {42}
|herba [[Mentha]]e
|Peppermint.
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|niu bang zi
|牛蒡子 {243}
|fructus Arctii
|[[Burdock]] Lit: cow 蒡 seed.
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|can tui
|蝉蜕 {24}
|periostracum [[Cicada]]e,
|[http://www.itmonline.org/arts/chantui.htm Cicada Molt]
|Alleviates sore throat and red eyes
|-
|dan dou chi
|淡豆豉 {443}
|semen Sojae preparatum
|Fermented Black [[Soybean]]. Lit:bland bean 豉
|Reduces wind-cold
|-
|ju hua
|菊花 {21}
|flos Chrysanthemi
|[[Chrysanthemum]] Flower <ref>Jun Ho L., Jin Young S., Na Young K.,
Sung Ho C., Erk H., Taekyu P., Hoi Young L., Jeung Whan H., Young Mi
K., Wahn Soo C.: "Inhibitory activity of Chrysanthemi sibirici herba
extract on RBL-2H3 mast cells and compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxis",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2-3):425-430, December 2004. </ref>
|Improves eyesight and hearing
|-
|ge gen
|葛根 {21}
|radix [[Pueraria]]e
|Pea Root <ref>Ricky W.K. W., A. Bakr M. R.: "Traditional Chinese
Medicines and Bone Formation—A Review", Journal of Oral and
maxillofacial Surgery, 64(5):828-837, May 2006</ref> <ref>Ying-Ju L.,
Yu Chi H., Chia-Hung L., Yu-An H., Jim J.C. S., Chih-Ho L., Bing-Hung
C., Pei-Dawn Lee C., Lei W., Fuu-Jen T.: "Puerariae radix isoflavones
and their metabolites inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in breast
cancer cells", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 378
(4):683-688, 23 January 2009. </ref>
Lit:Pueraria root.
|Lowers blood pressure
|-
|chai hu
|柴胡 {22}
|radix [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu_Zhong_Yi_Qi_Wan Bupleuri]
<ref>Tohru N., Satoe S., Hideki K., Shuji S., Makoto N., Shinobu S.:
"Effects of three Chinese herbal medicines on plasma and liver lipids
in mice fed a high-fat diet", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109(2):
236-240, 19 January 2007. </ref>
|Chinese thorowax. Lit:firewood beard/moustache.
|Reduces heat, fever, malaria, irregular menses
|-
|sheng ma
|升麻 {12}
|rhizoma [[Cimicifuga]]e
|Black Cohosh Rhizome. Lit:rise/promote hemp/flax/jute/sesame.
|Reduces sore throat, migraine, toothache
|-
|ma huang
|麻黄 {22}
|radix [[Ephedra]]e. [[Ephedrine]]
|Lit:hemp/flax/jute/sesame yellow.
|Lowers appetite and controls weight. Antibiotic, treats asthma,
promotes sweating.
|-
|gui zhi
|桂枝 {41}
|ramulus Cinnamomi
|[[Cinnamon]] [http://www.nutritionalwellness.com/archives/2005/nov/
11_heller.php Twig] <ref>Shang-Gao L., Tao Y., Chen Z., Sheng-Ping
Y., Yan W., Jian-Min Y.: "Cinnacassides A–E, five
geranylphenylacetate glycosides from Cinnamomum cassia", Tetrahedron,
65(4):883-887, 24 January 2009. </ref> <ref> Shimada Y., Yokoyama K.,
Goto H., Sekiya N., Mantani N., Tahara E., Hikiami H., Terasawa K.:
"Protective effect of Keishi-bukuryo-gan and its constituent medicinal
plants against nitric oxide donor-induced neuronal death in cultured
cerebellar granule cells", Phytomedicine, 11(5):404-410, 20 July
2004.</ref>
Lit:cassia twig.
|Stomach Tonic
|-
|zong lu tan
|棕榈炭 {121}
|vagina Trichycarpi Carbonisatus
|Lit:palm (tree) 榈 charcoal.
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|huai jiao
|槐角 {23}
|fructus Sophorae
|Lit:Chinese_scholar_tree horn.
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|zi zhu
|紫珠 {31}
|folium Callicarpae
|Lit:purple pearl/bead/drop
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|xue yu tan
|血余炭 {424}
|crinis Carbonisatus
|Lit:blood extra/more_than charcoal.
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|zhu ma gen
|苧麻根 (苎麻根) {421)
|radix [[Boehmeria]]e
|Lit:苎 hemp/flax root.
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|bai mao gen
|白茅根 {221}
|rhizoma Imperatae
|Cogongrass rhizome. Lit:white thatch root.
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|ce bai ye
|侧柏叶 {434}
|cacumen Biotae
|Oriental arborvitae leaf
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|huai hua
|槐花 {23}
|flos Sophorae
|Lit:Chinese_scholar_tree flower.
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|da ji
|大蓟 {24}
|herba seu Radix Cirsii Japonici
|Setose thistle.
|External: Arrests bleeding rapidly. Internal: Increases platelet
count, promotes platelet coagulation, increases blood pressure
|-
|xiao ji
|小蓟 {34}
|herba Cephalanoploris
|Field thistle.
|Arrests bleeding rapidly, increases platelet count, promotes platelet
coagulation, increases blood pressure, treats insomnia
|-
|di yu
|地榆 {42}
|radix Sanguisorbae <ref>
Yoshihiro M., Masato F., Akihito Y., Yutaka S., Shigenori F., Hiroshi
S.: "Triterpene glycosides from the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis",
Phytochemistry, 57(5):773-779, July 2001. </ref>
|Salad burnet. Lit:earth elm.
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|xian he cao
|仙鹤草 {143}
|herba Agrimoniae
|Lit:immortal crane herb.
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|bai ji
|白及 {22}
|rhizoma Bletillae
|Lit:white reach(in time).
|Arrests bleeding
|-
|ai ye
|艾叶 {44}
|folium Artemisiae Argyi
|[[Mugwort]] Leaf
|Antibiotic and Antivirus
|-
|pu huang
|蒲黄 {22}
|pollen Typhae
|Lit:cattail/reed_mace/club_grass yellow.
|Lowers blood cholesterol
|}

===General Usage (Part 3)===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Pinyin Name
!Chinese Name
!Latin Name
!Common Name
!Herb Usage
|-
|fu ling
|茯苓 {22}
|[http://www.answers.com/topic/shiquan-dabu-pills Poria] <ref>
Yao Z., Shulan Z.: "Inhibition effect of Guizhi-Fuling-decoction on
the invasion of human cervical cancer", Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
120(1):25-35, 30 October 2008.
</ref>
|Lit:茯苓.
| Anti-tumor, protects liver, kidney and bone marrow
|-
|zhu ling
|豬苓 {12}
|[http://ecdybase.org/index.php?row=320&action=browse Polyporus
Umbellatus], [http://healing-mushrooms.net/archives/3.html Fungus
Ramosissimus]
|Lit:pig 苓.
|Treats boils and tumors
|-
|ze xie
|泽泻, (澤瀉) {24}
|rhizoma [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Wei_Di_Huang_Wan Alismatis]
|Alisma. Oriental water plantain. Lit:pool/glade pour_down.
|Inhibits hardening of arteries, lowers lipids and cholesterol,
prevents fatty liver
|-
|yi yi ren
|薏苡仁 {432}
|semen Coicis
|Lit:薏 Job's_tears kernel.
|Sedative, anti-cancer, treats urinary tract infections
|-
|che qian zi
|车前子 {123}
|semen Plantaginis
|Plantain seed.
|Reduces damp-heat, treats sexual dysfunction
|-
|hua shi
|滑石 {22}
|Talcum
|Lit:slippery stone.
|Reduces dryness
|-
|mu tong
|木通 {41}
|caulis Akebiae
|Lit:wood connect_with/open.
|Antibiotic, promotes lactation, improves cardiac function, alleviates
joint pain
|-
|jin qian cao
|金钱草 {123}
|herba [[Lysimachia]]e
|Lit:gold money herb.
|Expels stones of urinary tract, improves circulation, anti-bacteria
|-
|tong cao
|通草 {13}
|medulla Tetrapanacis
|Lit:connect_with/open herb.
|Treats typhoid, promotes lactation
|-
|shi wei
|石苇 {23}
|folium Pyrrosiae
|Lit:stone reed.
|Reduces urinary tract infections
|-
|yin chen hao
|茵陈蒿 {121}
|herba Artemisiae Scopariae
|Lit:mattress old wormwood_artemisia.
|Treats headache, jaundice, liver and gallbladder
|-
|bi xie
|萆薢 {44}
|rhizoma Dioscoreae Septemlobae
|Lit:castor_seed woody_climbing_plant.
|Reduces inflammation, treats arthritis
|-
|Liu Huang
|硫磺 {22}
|Sulphur<ref> Jun L., Hwa-Jeong L., Jong-Dae P., Sun-Kyung L., Sang-Im
L., Hyun-Dae L., You-Mee L., Young-Gab Y., Byung-Hun J., In-Soo R.,
Chang-Duk J., Suk-Keun L., Eun-Cheol K. : "Anti-cancer activity of
highly purified sulfur in immortalized and malignant human oral
keratinocytes", Toxicology in Vitro, 22(1):87-95, February 2008. </
ref>
|
|Reduces fire
|-
|shi gao
|石膏 {21}
|gypsum Fibrosum
|[[Gypsum]]
|Antipyretic, treats diabetes and asthma
|-
|zhi mu
|知母 {13}
|rhizoma Anemarrhenae<ref>Qinghua S., Ailing S., Renmin L.:
"Preparative isolation and purification of four compounds from the
Chinese medicinal herb Rhizoma Anemarrhenae by high-speed counter-
current chromatography", Journal of Chromatography, 1104(1-2):69-74, 3
February 2006</ref>
|Wind-weed. Lit:know mother.
|Treats diabetes and yin deficiency
|-
|tian hua fen
|天花粉 {113}
|radix Trichosanthis <ref>Remi S., Karen A. M.: "Purification and
characterization of chitinases from transformed callus suspension
cultures of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.", Journal of Fermentation
and Bioengineering, 84(1):28-34, 1997. </ref>
|Lit:sky flower powder/crumble
|Clears lung heat, expels pus and phlegm
|-
|lu gen
|芦根 {21}
|rhizoma Phragmitis
|Lit:reed root.
|Suppurative, lung tonic
|-
|huang lian
|黄莲 {22}
|rhizoma Coptidis <ref> Jing L., Chengwei H., Keyuan Z., Jingdong W.,
Jing X. K.: "Coptis extracts enhance the anticancer effect of estrogen
receptor antagonists on human breast cancer cells", Biochemical and
Biophysical Research Communications, 378(2):174-178, 9 January 2009</
ref>
|Lit:yellow lotus.
|External: Treats mouth ulcers, eye and ear infection, eczema.
Internal: Clears heat, treats insomnia and diabetes.
|-
|huang qin
|黄芩 {22}
|radix Scutellariae <ref>Li-Weber M., "New therapeutic aspects of
flavones: The anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active
constituents Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin", Cancer Treatment
Reviews, 11 November 2008. </ref>
|Lit:yellow reed.
|Reduces heat, fire, dampness, hypertension. Treats prostate and
breast cancers
|-
|huang bai, (huang bo)
|黄柏 {23}
|cortex Phellodendri <ref>Hye-Young K., Hyun-Soo S., Hyun P., Youn-
Chul K., Yong Gab Y., Sun P., Ho-Joon S., Kyongmin K., "In vitro
inhibition of coronavirus replications by the traditionally used
medicinal herbal extracts, Cimicifuga rhizoma, Meliae cortex, Coptidis
rhizoma, and Phellodendron cortex", Journal of Clinical Virology, 41
(2):122-128, February 2008.
</ref>
|Lit:yellow cypress.
|Lowers blood sugar and blood pressure. Antibiotic. Reduces damp-heat.
|-
|zhi zi
|栀子, (梔子) {13}
|fructus Gardeniae <ref>Jin-gang Y., Ye-hua S., Yuan H., Feng-hai J.,
Shu-hua Z., Ming-cui W., Xiu-juan S., Xue-xun F.: "Stir-baked Fructus
gardeniae (L.) extracts inhibit matrix metalloproteinases and alter
cell morphology", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 117(2):285-289, 8 May
2008.</ref>
|Cape jasmine. Lit:栀 seed.
|Reduces fire. Treats jaundice and insomnia. Antipyretic.
|-
|long dan cao
|龙胆草 {233}
|radix Gentianae <ref>
Naoki Yoshimi, Kengo Matsunaga, Masaki Katayama, Yasuhiro Y., Toshiya
K., Zheng Q., Akira H., Johji Y., Hideki M.: "The inhibitory effects
of mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone, in bowel
carcinogenesis of male F344 rats", Cancer Letters, 163(2):163-170, 26
February 2001.</ref>
|Lit:dragon courage/gallbladder herb.
|Reduces heat. Treats hypertension, gastritis, conjunctivitis and
malaria.
|-
|xia ku cao
|夏枯草 {413}
|spica [[Prunella]]e
|Lit:summer withered herb.
|Treats hepatitis, goiter, breast cancer, hypertension, tuberculosis,
and facial paralysis.
|-
|ku shen
|苦参 {31}
|radix Sophorae Flavescentis <ref>
Crystal Sao-Fong C., Karen Ka-Wing C., Julian Chun-Kin L., Ching-Po
L., Po-Ming H., Judy Yuet-Wa C., Kwok-Pui F., Shannon Wing-Ngor A.:
"Leachianone A as a potential anti-cancer drug by induction of
apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells", Cancer Letters, 253(2):
224-235, 18 August 2007.</ref>
<ref>Yuanyuan Zhang, Haiyan Zhu, Guan Ye, Chenggang Huang, Yingzhen
Yang, Ruizhen Chen, Yong Yu, Xiaolan Cui: "Antiviral effects of
sophoridine against coxsackievirus B3 and its pharmacokinetics in
rats", Life Sciences, 78(17)1998-2005, 20 March 2006.
</ref>
<ref>
Ming-Chun Wen, Chun-Hua Wei, Zhao-Qiu Hu, Kamal Srivastava, Jimmy Ko,
Su-Ting Xi, Dong-Zhen Mu, Ji-Bin Du, Guo-Hua Li, Sylvan Wallenstein,
Hugh Sampson, Meyer Kattan, Xiu-Min Li: "Efficacy and tolerability of
antiasthma herbal medicine intervention in adult patients with
moderate-severe allergic asthma",
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 116(3):517-524, September
2005.</ref>
|Lit:bitter valuable_herb
|Reduces fire. Treats infections, insomnia, tumor. Antibiotic.
Antivirus.
|-
|jue ming zi
|决明子 {223}
|semen [http://www.nutritionalwellness.com/nutrition/herbs/c/
cassia_seed.php Cassia]
|Lit:decide/final bright/clear seed
|Reduces high blood pressure.
|-
|jin yin hua
|金银花 {121}
|flos Lonicerae, Flox Lonicerae Japonicae
|[[Honeysuckle]]. Lit:gold silver flower.
|Dextoxifies. Treats influenza.
|-
|Xian Jin Yin Hua
|鲜金银花 {1121}
|Flos Lonicerae Recens, Flox Lonicerae Japonicae
|Fresh [[Honeysuckle]] Flower
|Detoxifies. Reduces heat.
|-
|ren dong teng
|忍冬藤 {312}
|caulis Lonicerae
|Lit:endure/tolerate winter vine/cane
|Detoxifies
|-
|lian qiao
|连翘 {24}
|fructus [[Forsythia]]e
|Lit:connect raise/stick_up.
|Antibiotic. Treats retina hemorrhage, kidney and liver infections.
|-
|pu gong ying
|蒲公英 {211}
|herba Taraxaci
|Lit:cattail/reed_mace/club_grass public/general flower/hero.
|Antibiotic. Treats boils, breast and lung cancer.
|-
|zi hua di ding
|紫花地丁 {3141}
|herba Violae
|Lit:purple flower earth man.
|Treats snake bite, HIV/AIDS. Antibiotic.
|-
|da qing ye
|大青叶 {414}
|folium Isatidis
|[[Woad]]. Lit:large green leaf.
|Treats mouth ulcers, hepatitis, herpes.
|-
|qing dai
|青黛 {14}
|indigo Naturalis
|Lit:green black_dye.
|Treats infections, epilepsy, mouth inflammation, and nose bleed.
|-
|ban lan gen
|板蓝根 {321}
|radix Isatidis
|Lit:board blue root.
|Treats colds, mouth ulcers, hepatitis, herpes, measles, psoriasis.
|-
|chuan xin lian
|穿心莲 {112}
|herba [http://www.curehunter.com/public/pubmed17497279.do
Andrographitis]
|Lit:pierce heart lotus.
|Reduces heat and mouth ulcers. Antibiotic, antiviral, and
antipyretic.
|-
|yu xing cao
|鱼腥草 {213}
|herba [[Houttuynia]]e
|fish raw_meat/fishy_smell herb.
|Reduces damp heat. Treats boils and HIV/AIDS.
|-
|shan dou gen
|山豆根 {141}
|radix Sophorae Tonkinensis
|Lit:mountain bean root.
|Detoxifies
|-
|she gan
|射干 {41}
|rhizoma [[Belamcanda]]e, [http://www.drjakefratkin.com/pdf/
AvianFluEpidemic.pdf Belamcanda Chinensis]
|Blackberry lily. Lit:shoot/emit dry.
|Treats cough, phlegm and sore throat.
|-
|ma chi xian
|马齿莧 {334}
|herba [[Portulaca]]e
|Lit:horse tooth amaranth.
|Antibiotic, antifungal. Treats parasites, appendicitis, dysentery,
high blood pressure.
|-
|bai tou weng
|白头翁 {221}
|radix [[Pulsatilla]]e
|Lit:white head old_man.
|Antibiotic. Kills sperm and parasites.
|-
|hong teng
|红藤 {22}
|caulis Sargentodoxae
|Lit:red vine/cane.
|Detoxifies
|-
|qin pi
|秦皮 {22}
|cortex Fraxini
|Lit:"Qin"_Dynasty bark.
|Antibiotic. Reduces heat. Treats swollen eyes.
|-
|jun da cai
|君达菜 {124}
|Beta vulgaris
|[[Beet]]. Lit:monarch reach vegetable.
|External: Treats boils.
|-
|bai hua she she cao
|白花蛇舌草 {21223}
|[http://www.oncolink.upenn.edu/treatment/article.cfm?c=4&s=69&id=230
Heydyotis Diffusa]
|Lit:white flower snake tongue herb.
|Reduces heat. Antibiotic, antivirus, antitumor. Treats infections.
|-
|ban zhi lian
|半枝蓮 {412}
|Herba Scutellriae Barbatae
|Lit:half branch lotus.
|Reduces heat. Treats sore throat, mouth ulcers. Inhibits tumor and
cancer cells (alcohol extract only).
|-
|Deng Xin Cao
|灯芯草 (燈芯草) {143}
|Medulla Junci Effusi
|Luncus pith, Rush pith . Lit:lamp core/center herb.
|Cools blood. Treats sore throat.
|-
|shui niu jiao
|水牛角
|cornu Bubali
|
|Treats manic behavior, sore throat. Sedative effect.
|-
|sheng di huang
|生地黄 {142}
|radix Rehmanniae <ref>Rong H., Chang-lin Y., Nan W., Gao-yu C., Hui
M., Xi-gui W., Hai-shui L., Tian G., Shengli H., Jiantao S., Jiang-kai
L., Hua F.: "Traditional Chinese herb Dihuang Yinzi (DY) plays
neuroprotective and anti-dementia role in rats of ischemic brain
injury", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 19 October 2008
</ref>
|Lit:raw earth yellow.
|Used as blood tonic in small doses. Reduces blood sugar. Not to be
used in large doses.
|-
|xuan shen
|玄参 {21}
|radix Scrophulariae
|Lit:deep valuable_herb.
|Antibiotic. Sedative effect. Treats sore throat and yin deficiency,
cools blood.
|-
|xi jiao
|犀角 {13}
|cornu Rhinocerotis
|
|Reduces high fever. Sedative.
|-
|bai jiang cao
|败酱草 {443}
|herba [https://www.tcmassistant.com/herbs/bai-jiang-cao.html
Patriniae]
|Lit:defeat/counteract sauce/paste herb.
|Treats conjunctivitis, appendicitis, flatulence, diarrhea.
|-
|mu dan pi
|牡丹皮 {312}
|cortex Moutan Radicis <ref>Chun Hay K., Karen L., Pak Cheung N., Kwok
Pui F., Raymond Pui-On W., Kit Man C., Goldie Jia-Shi G., Edmund Y.,
Tai Fai F.: "Pro-oxidative effects of Chinese herbal medicine on G6PD-
deficient erythrocytes in vitro",
Toxicology in Vitro, 22(5):1222-1227, August 2008.
</ref><ref>C.H. Lau, C.M. Chan, Y.W. Chan, K.M. Lau, T.W. Lau, F.C.
Lam, W.T. Law, C.T. Che, P.C. Leung, K.P. Fung, Y.Y. Ho, C.B.S. Lau:
"Pharmacological investigations of the anti-diabetic effect of Cortex
Moutan and its active component paeonol",
Phytomedicine, 14(11):778-784, 5 November 2007.
</ref>
|Lit:peony bark.
|Antibiotic. Reduces blood stasis, blood clots, and fire of yin
deficiency.
|-
|zi cao
|紫草 {33}
|radix Arnebiae seu Lithospermi
|Groomwell root. Lit:purple herb.
|Reduces damp heat and toxins. Blood tonic. Treats constipation.
|-
|pang da hai
|胖大海 {443}
|Sterculia Scaphigera
|Lit:plump large sea.
|Reduces heat. Treats dry and hard stools, conjunctivitis, sore
throat, and nose bleed.
|-
|qing hao
|青蒿 {11}
|herba Artemisiae Annuae
|Lit:green wormwood_artemisia
|Treats malaria and damp heat.
|-
|bai wei
|白薇 {21}, 蔷薇 {21}
|radix Cynanchi Atrati<ref>Pei-Gen X., Shan-Tian X., Li-Wei W.:
"Immunological aspects of Chinese medicinal plants as antiageing
drugs", Journal of Ethnopharmacology 38(2):159-165, March 1993</ref>
|Lit:white 薇.
|Reduces damp heat. Treats sore throat and snake bite. Heart tonic.
|-
|di gu pi
|地骨皮 {432}
|cortex Lycii Radicis
|Lit: earth bone bark.
|Treats premature white hair, diabetes, backache. Improves night
vision. Liver and kidney tonic.
|-
|yin chai hu
|银柴胡 {222}
|radix [[Stellaria]]e
|Lit:silver firewood moustache/beard.
|Reduces damp heat. Treats yin deficiency.
|-
|da huang
|大黃 {42}
|radix et rhizoma [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampo_herb_list Rhei]
<ref>Yuan-Hui Z., Jun-Tian L., Bin-Yu W., Xiang-Hua X.: "In vitro
inhibition of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by serum
of rats treated with Dahuang Zhechong pill", Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 112(2):375-379, 13 June 2007.</ref>
|[[Rhubarb]] <ref>Zhi-Heng H., Ming-Fang H., Shuang-Cheng M., Paul Pui-
Hay B.: "Anti-angiogenic effects of rhubarb and its anthraquinone
derivatives", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 121(2):313-317, 21 January
2009.
</ref>
Lit:large yellow.
|External: Treats burns and scalding. Internal: Treats blood in stool,
blood clots and tumors.
|-
|mang xiao
|芒硝 {21}
|natrii Sulfas
|Sodium sulphate. Lit: awn nitre/saltpetre
|Treats mouth ulcers, conjunctivitis, sore throat, breast tumor.
|-
|fan xie ye
|番泻叶, (番瀉葉) {144}
|folium Sennae
|Senna leaf.
|Reduces heat. Treats constipation and flatulence.
|-
|da ma ren
|大麻仁 {422}
|fructus [[Cannabis]] <ref>Jing L., Jiang-Hua Y., Qun W.:"The effect
of calcineurin activator, extracted from Chinese herbal medicine, on
memory and immunity in mice", Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 75
(4):749-754, July 2003</ref>
|Lit:large cannabis/hemp kernel.
|Treats insomnia, menstrual pain, asthma, mania and itchy skin.
|-
|gan sui
|甘遂 {14}
|radix Kansui <ref> Tomoharu Okouchi, Tetsuya Abe, Shusuke Araki,
Shinsuke Arai, Takashi Iida, Li-Yan Wang, Susumu Kitanaka, Shohei
Miyata: "Mechanism of proliferation arrest of embryonic cells of
Xenopus by diterpene compounds",
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 13(11):3847-3851, 1 June 2005. </
ref> <ref> Shohei Miyata, Li-Yan Wang, Nai-Li Wang, Xin-Sheng Yao,
Susumu Kitanaka: "Selective inhibition of the growth of cancer cells
by diterpenes selected with embryonic cells of Xenopus",
Cell Biology International, 28(3):179-184, 2004.
</ref>
|Lit: sweet/fortunate/willing satisfy/succeed.
|External: Treats boils and sores.
|-
|yu li ren
|郁李仁 {432}
|semen Pruni
|Lit:strong-smelling/lush plum kernel.
|Qi tonic.
|-
|da ji
|大戟 {43}
|radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis
|Japanese thistle. Lit:large ancient_bladed_weapon.
|Cools blood.
|-
|yuan hua
|芫花 {21}
|flos Genkwa
|Lit:芫 flower.
|External: Treats ringworm and head fungi. Internal: Treats parasites.
|-
|qian niu zi
|牽牛子 {123}
|semen Pharbitidis
|Lit:pull cow seed.
|Treats asthma, phlegm, cough, flatulence and constipation.
|-
|rou gui
|肉桂 {22}
|cortex Cinnamomi
|Chinese cinnamon tree. Lit:meat cinnamon.
|Treats impotence and stomach wind. Promotes circulation. Stomach and
lung tonic. Reduces blood sugar.
|-
|wu zhu yu
|吴茱萸 {212}
|fructus Evodiae, [[Tetradium]]
|Lit:"Wu"_Kingdom 茱萸.
|Lowers blood pressure. Reduces dampness and stomachache. Leads fire
downwards. Warms stomach.
|-
|xi xin
|细辛 {41}
|herba Asari
|Root of wild Chinese ginger. Lit:thin/fine hot_taste.
|External: Treats mouth ulcers. Internal: Antibiotic, anaesthetic,
anti-histamine. Treats deafness.
|-
|hua jiao
|花椒 {11}
|pericarpium Zanthoxyli<ref> Chin-Teng C., Shin-Lian D., Ian-Lih T.,
Ih-Sheng C.: "Coumarins and anti-HBV constituents from Zanthoxylum
schinifolium", Phytochemistry, 45(7):1419-1422, August 1997.
</ref><ref>Naoko Yoshida, Akiyoshi Takagi, Hidenori Kitazawa, Junichi
Kawakami, Isao Adachi: "Inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated
transport by extracts of and monoterpenoids contained in Zanthoxyli
Fructus",
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 209(2):167-173, 1 December 2005.
</ref>
|Lit:flower chilli/pepper.
|Treats asthma and bloated stomach. Lowers blood pressure.
|-
|ding xiang
|丁香 {11}
|flos Caryophylli
|[[Clove]] <ref>Srivastava K. C.: "Antiplatelet principles from a food
spice clove (Syzgium aromaticum L)", Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and
Essential Fatty Acids, 48(5):363-372, May 1993</ref>
Lit:man/population fragrance.
|External: Fungal infection, lymphatic tumor. Internal: Stomach tonic.
|-
|gao liang jiang
|高莨姜 {121}
|rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum
|Galanga, galangal. Lit:高莨 ginger.
|Antibiotic. Warms stomach, improves digestion.
|-
|xiao hui xiang
|小茴香 {321}
|fructus Foeniculi
|Fennel. Lit:little 茴 fragrance.
|External: Abdominal pain. Internal: Treats colic pain, cholera,
swollen testes. Promotes lactation.
|-
|fu zi
|附子, (地肤子) {23}
|radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata
|Aconite. Lit:attach/depend_on seed.
|Anticancer. Heart stimulant.
|-
|chuan wu tou
|川乌头 {112}
|radix Aconiti
|[[Aconitum]]<ref>
Mana M., Syunji H., Masaru S., Akiyoshi S., Shizuko T., Johan Van de
V., Toshihiko M., Kazuo W.: "Mesaconitine-induced relaxation in rat
aorta: involvement of Ca2+ influx and nitric-oxide synthase in the
endothelium", European Journal of Pharmacology, 436(3):217-225, 2
February 2002</ref>
Lit:sichuan black head.
|Anticancer. Heart stimulant.
|-
|cao wu tou
|草乌头 {312}
|radix Aconiti Kusnezoffiae <ref>Kazuo Y., Eiji S., Toshio N., Shigeru
W., Shigenobu K.:
"Aconiti tuber increases plasma nitrite and nitrate levels in humans",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96(1-2):165-169, 4 January 2005.
</ref>
|Prepared wild aconite. Lit:herb black head.
|Anticancer. Heart stimulant.
|-
|gan jiang
|干姜, (乾薑) {11}
|rhizoma Zingiberis
<ref>R.C. Lantz, G.J. Chen, M. Sarihan, A.M. Sólyom, S.D. Jolad, B.N.
Timmermann: "The effect of extracts from ginger rhizome on
inflammatory mediator production", Phytomedicine, 14(2-3):123-128, 19
February 2007. </ref>
<ref>Badreldin H. A., Gerald B., Musbah O. T., Abderrahim N.:
"Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of
ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research",
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2):409-420, February 2008.
</ref>
|Dry ginger.
|Warms interior (middle burner). Yang tonic. Treats lower back pain.
|-
|He Shi
|鹤虱 {21}
|Carpesii abrotanoidis Fructus
|carpesium fruit. Lit:crane louse.
|Removes parasites
|-
|Ming Fan
|明礬 {22}
|Alumen
|Alum, Aluminum potassium sulfate. Lit:bright vitriol.
|External: Sores and abcesses. Internal: Leukemia
|-
|bing lang, (bin lang)
|槟榔, (檳榔) {12}
|semen Arecae, [[Areca_catechu]] seed <ref>L.H. Zhou, T.L. Zheng, X.
Wang, J.L. Ye, Y. Tian, H.S. Hong: "Effect of five chinese traditional
medicines on the biological activity of a red-tide causing alga—
Alexandrium tamarense",
Harmful Algae, 6(3):354-360, April 2007. </ref>
|Lit:areca.
|Kills parasites. Removes food accumulation.
|-
|shi jun zi
|使君子 {313}
|fructus [[Quisqualis]]
|Rangoon creeper. Lit:use monarch/mister seed.
|Kills parasites. Treats ear infection and cough.
|-
|da fu pi
|大腹皮 {442}
|pericarpium Arecae
|Lit:large stomach/belly bark.
|Treats water retention in legs and fungal infection in digestive
tract.
|-
|lei wan
|雷丸 {22}
|Omphalia
|Lit:thunder pill.
|Removes parasites
|-
|ku lian pi
|苦棟皮 {342}
|cortex Meliae <ref>Jun Ho L., Na Young K., Nam Wook K., Se Hwan M.,
Jie Wan K., Erk H., Bo Kyung K., Dong Wan S., Hyun Wook C., Tae Chul
M., Jeung Whan H., Young Mi K., Wahn Soo C.: "Meliae cortex extract
exhibits anti-allergic activity through the inhibition of Syk kinase
in mast cells", Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 220(3):227-234, 1
May 2007</ref>
|Lit:bitter 棟 bark.
|Expels parasites
|-
|nan gua zi
|南瓜子 {213}
|semen Cucurbitae
|Southern melon seed.
|Removes parasites
|-
|he cao ya
|鹤草牙 {432}
|gemma Agrimoniae
|[[Agrimony]]. Lit:crane herb sprout.
|Removes parasites
|-
|guan zhong
|贯众, (贯眾, 贯仲）{44}
|rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae <ref> Dong-Yeul K., Ok Hwa K., Jang-
Gi C., Young-Seob L., Yoo-Chang O., Hee-Sung C., Go-Hoon L., Pil-Sang
P., Youn-Chul K., Dong Hwan S., Hyun P., John Hwa L.: "Antibacterial
effect of Dryopteris crassirhizoma against methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus", Fitoterapia, 78(6):430-433, September 2007.</
ref>
|Lit:pass_through many(people).
|Removes parasites. Treats boils and Hepatitis B.
|-
|fei zi
|榧子 {33}
|semen Torreyae
|Torreya seeds. Lit:榧 seed.
|Kills parasites
|-
|ci shi
|磁石 {22}
|Magnetitum
|[[Magnetite]]
|Calms the mind
|-
|Duan Ci Shi
|煅磁石 {422}
|Calcined Magnetitum
|[[Magnetite]]
|Calms the mind
|-
|long gu
|龙骨 {23}
|os Draconis
|Dragon Bones, Large Bones
|External: Sores and boils. Internal: Treats premature ejaculation,
poor memory, palpitations.
|-
|zhu sha
|硃砂 {11}
|Cinnabaris
|Cinnabar.
|Settles the spirit.
|-
|suan zao ren
|酸枣仁 {132}
|semen [http://www.mdidea.com/products/new/new029.html Ziziphi
Spinosae]<ref>
Calvin Yu-Chian C.: "Insights into the suanzaoren mechanism—From
constructing the 3D structure of GABA-A receptor to its binding
interaction analysis",
Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, 39(6):663-671,
November 2008</ref>
|Lit:sour date kernel.
|Calms the mind. Promotes sleep. Lowers blood pressure. Yin tonic.
Treats palpitation and poor memory.
|-
|yuan zhi
|远志 {34}
|radix Polygalae <ref>Melanie-Jayne H., Peter J. H.: "Plants used in
Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and
cognitive function", Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75(3):
513-527, June 2003 </ref>
|Lit:far-reaching ambition/will.
|Calms the mind. Promotes sleep. Treats boils, sores, breast tumor.
|-
|bai zi ren
|柏子仁 {332}
|semen Biotae
|Lit:cypress seed kernel.
|Calms the mind. Treats palpitations and poor memory.
|-
|mu li
|牡蛎, (牡蠣) {34}
|concha Ostreae, [[Ostreidae]]
|Lit:oyster shell
|Treats swollen lymph glands
|-
|Duan Mu Li
|煅牡蠣 {434}
|Calcined Concha Ostreae
|[[Oyster]] Shell
|Neutralizes acidity in stomach
|-
|zhen zhu
|珍珠 {11}
|Margarita
|[[Pearl]]
|Calms the mind.
|-
|zhen zhu mu
|珍珠母 {113}
|concha Margaritifera Usta
|[[Mother of Pearl]]
|Sedative. Treats hypertension, cataract, night blindness, insomnia,
palpitation, poor memory, ulcers.
|-
|dai zhe shi
|代赭石 {232}
|Haematitum
|[[Hematite]]
|Promotes red blood cells.
|-
|ling yang jiao
|羚羊角 {223}
|cornu Saigae Tataricae
|Antelope horn
|Reduces wind.
|-
|tian ma
|天麻 {12}
|rhizoma [[Gastrodia]]e <ref>ShiJun W., Ying C., DongDong H., LiRen
H., YuMin Y., JunZhu Ch., XingXiang W.: "Inhibition of vascular smooth
muscle cell proliferation by serum from rats treated orally with
Gastrodia and Uncaria decoction, a traditional Chinese formulation",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114(3):458-462, 3 December 2007 </ref>
|Lit:sky/heaven hemp/flax/sesame
|Treats depression, epilepsy and migraine.
|-
|shi jue ming
|石决明 {222}
|concha Haliotidis
|[[Abalone]] Shell
|Antibiotic, antipyretic and sedative. Treats hypertension.
|-
|shan yang jiao
|山羊角 {123}
|cornu Naemorhedi
|Lit:mountain goat/sheep horn
|Reduces heat.
|-
|gou teng
|钩藤, (鉤藤) {12}
|ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis <ref>Takashi I., Yutaka S., Katsutoshi T.:
"Efficacy of Choto-san on vascular dementia and the protective
effect of the hooks and stems of Uncaria sinensis on glutamate-induced
neuronal death", Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 111(2-3):
155-173, 30 November 1999.</ref>
|Lit:hooked cane.
|Sedative. Lowers platelet coagulation and lowers blood pressure.
|-
|quan xie
|全蝎 {21}
|Scorpio <ref>Abbas M., "Venom therapy in multiple sclerosis"
Neuropharmacology, 53(3):353-361, September 2007</ref>
|Scorpion.
|Reduces wind. Lowers blood pressure and platelet coagulation.
|-
|wu gong
|蜈蚣 {21}
|Scolopendra, [[Centipede]] <ref>Kuanqi H., "TCM Treatment for Two
Cases of Chronic and Intractable Eczema", Journal of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, 28(2):98-100, June 2008</ref>
|Centipede
|Reduces wind. Lowers blood pressure and platelet coagulation.
|-
|bai jiang can
|白僵蚕, (白殭蚕) {212}
|bombyx Batryticatus
|[[Silkworm]] larva with batrytis. Lit:white frozen silkworm.
|Antibiotic. Treats sore throat, epilepsy and itchy skin.
|-
|di long
|地龙 {42}
|[[Lumbricus]] <ref>Joanna W., Anna K., Jolanta K., Krzysztofa N.,
Tadeusz W.: "LTCI, a novel chymotrypsin inhibitor of the potato I
family from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Purification, cDNA
cloning, and expression", Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part
B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 143(4):465-472, April 2006. </
ref>
|Lit:earth dragon.
|Lower blood pressures. Sedative and anti-histamine. Treats asthma.
|-
|she xiang
|麝香 {41}
|[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1889102?
ordinalpos=19&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
Moschus]<ref>Shin-Ichi M., Yasuhiro M., Masamichi S.,
"Pharmacological properties of musk", General Pharmacology: The
Vascular System, 18(3):253-261, 1987.</ref>
|Lit:musk_deer fragance.
|Treats coma or stroke symptoms
|-
|niu huang
|牛黄 {22}
|calculus Bovis, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16047561?
ordinalpos=6&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
Bezoar Bovis], <ref>Zhen H., Lang-Chong H., Jian Z., Guo-An L.,
"Determination of three bile acids in artificial Calculus Bovis and
its medicinal preparations by micellar electrokinetic capillary
electrophoresis" Journal of Chromatography B, 837(1-2):11-17, 6 June
2006</ref>
|Bezoar. Lit:cow yellow.
|Treats coma or stroke symptoms
|-
|hou zao
|猴枣 {23}
|calculus Macacae Mulattae
|Monkey Gallstone. Lit:monkey jujube/date.
|Treats coma or stroke symptoms
|-
|bing pian
|冰片 {14}
|[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955365?
ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
Borneolum Syntheticum]
|Lit:ice slice.
|Treats coma or stroke symptoms
|-
|su he xiang
|苏合香 {121}
|[[Storax]]
|Lit:revive/recover join fragrance.
|Treats coma or stroke symptoms. Opens orifices. <ref>
http://www.acupunctureandherbalmedicine.com/document/hammer-awareness.pdf
</ref>
|-
|shi chang pu
|石菖蒲 {212}
|rhizoma [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17270083?
ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
Acori Graminei] <ref>Yoshifumi I., Wing Ming K.: "Rhizoma acori
graminei and its active principles protect PC-12 cells from the toxic
effect of amyloid-β peptide", Brain Research, Volume 963(1-2):
282-28914, February 2003
</ref>, Acorus <ref>Jagmohan Singh Bains, Vikram Dhuna, Jatinder
Singh, Sukhdev Singh Kamboj, Kamaljeet Kaur Nijjar, Javed N. Agrewala:
"Novel lectins from rhizomes of two Acorus species with mitogenic
activity and inhibitory potential towards murine cancer cell lines",
International Immunopharmacology, 5(9):1470-1478, August 2005.
</ref>
|Lit:stone 菖 cattail/reed_mace/club_grass.
|Treats coma or stroke symptoms
|}

===Chinese-Japanese common herbs===
The following herbs are common to both the [[Kampo herb list]] as well
as the 50 fundamental herbs in [[Chinese herbology]]:

# Astragali Radix , 黄芪 , オウギ
# Camelliae Folium , 茶叶 , チャヨウ
# Cannabis Fructus , 麻子仁 , マシニン
# Carthami Flos , 红花 , コウカ
# Cinnamomi Cortex , 桂皮 , ケイヒ
# Coptidis Rhizoma , 黄连 , オウレン
# Corydalis Rhizoma , 延胡索 , エンゴサク
# Crotonis Semen , 巴豆 , ハズ
# Ephedrae Herba , 麻黄 , マオウ
# Eucommiae Cortex , 杜仲 , トチュウ
# Forsythiae Fructus , 连翘 , レンギョウ
# Glycyrrhizae Radix , 甘草 , カンゾウ
# Leonuri Herba , 益母草 , ヤクモソウ
# Phellodendri Cortex , 黄柏 , オウバク
# Puerariae Radix , 葛根 , カッコン
# Rehmanniae Radix , 地黄 , ジオウ
# Saussureae Radix , 木香 , モッコウ
# Schisandrae Fructus , 五味子 , ゴミシ
# Scutellariae Radix , 黄芩 , オウゴン
# Trichosanthis Radix , 瓜蒌根 , カロコン

==Formulas==

Formulas are herb combinations that may exhibit activity <ref>
http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/1/1/83 </ref> that
is shown by none of the individual herbs in a formula. The following
formulas <ref> C.Y. Ung, H. Li, C.Y. Kong, J.F. Wang, Y.Z. Chen:
"Usefulness of traditionally defined herbal properties for
distinguishing prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine from non-
prescription recipes", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109(1):21-28, 3
January 2007 </ref> use a combination of herbs to "balance" and
improve on the strengths of the principal herbs. The principal herbs
are listed first in a formula, and usually carry the most weight, that
is, they are the heaviest in a formula.
The most common way of using a herb combination is via an aqueous (hot-
water) extract, known as "tang" or 汤, which may be called a soup.
[http://www.wikipedia.biz/wikipedia/li/Liquor.html Alcohol] <ref>Kyung-
Min C., Jingu G., Jisoo Y.:
"Anti-Toxoplasma gondii RH strain activity of herbal extracts used in
traditional medicine",
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 32(4):360-362, October
2008.</ref> extracts are possible for some herbs, such as Ginseng, but
the ginsenosides extracted via alcohol are different from that
extracted with water. Herb combinations can also be ground into powder
form, known as "san" or 散, and put into capsules, or mixed directly
with water and ingested. Another common way, especially for patented
TCM formulas, is via tablets, known as "wan" or 丸. Where not indicated
otherwise, the formulas are meant for aqueous extraction (boiling).
The dosages indicated refer to relative weights, and there may be
rounding errors in converting qian/liang (in the Chinese weights
system) to grams. As a host of variables are involved in a correct
diagnosis, only a qualified physician may prescribe a formula for any
particular individual. Hence the formulas should not be used for self-
prescription.

* Korean Heart Blood-Deficiency Formula, Cheonwangbosimdan(天王補心丹)<ref>
http://www.koreantk.com/</ref>
桔梗 {18.75 g},
丹蔘 {18.75 g},
當歸 {37.5 g},
麥門冬 {37.5 g},
柏子仁 {37.5 g},
茯苓 {18.75 g},
酸棗仁 {37.5 g},
生地黃 {150 g},
五味子 {37.5 g},
遠志 {18.75 g},
人蔘 {18.75 g},
天門冬 {37.5 g},
玄蔘 {18.75 g}.

* Koso-san. A Japanese Kampo Formula <ref>
http://honso.com/products_kampo.php
</ref> for Depression and Chronic Fatigue Symptoms <ref>N. Ito, T.
Nagai, T. Yabe, S. Nunome, T. Hanawa, H. Yamada. Antidepressant-like
activity of a Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine, Koso-san (Xiang-Su-
San), and its mode of action via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
axis.
Phytomedicine, 13(9-10):658-667. 24 November 2006.
</ref>
Cyperi rhizoma {4.0 g},
Perillae herba {2.0 g},
Aurantii nobilis pericarpium {3.0 g},
Glycyrrhizae radix {2.0 g},
Zingiberis rhizoma {0.5 g}.

*Heart Dissipation/Clearing Formula<ref>
Xianmin S.: "Clinical Experiences (Practical Traditional Chinese
Medicine & Pharmacology)", New World Press Ltd. 1998. Page 41
</ref>
dan shen 丹参 {24 g},
hong hua 红花 {10 g},
chuan xiong 川芎 {12 g},
dang gui 当归 {10 g},
chi shao 赤芍 {10 g},
yu jin 郁金 {10 g},
jiang xiang 降香 {10 g},
ju pi 陈皮 {12 g}.

* Chronic Fatigue Formula (to reduce damp-heat, aching muscles)
黄莲 3g,
厚朴 3g,
栀子 9g,
淡豆豉 9g,
石菖蒲 3g,
半夏 3g,
芦根 15g.

*Cold-Damp Formula (benefits liver)
nan sha shen 南沙参 {20 g},
mai men dong 麦门冬 {10 g},
tian hua fen 天花粉 {30 g},
cang shu 苍术 {10 g},
sheng di huang 生地黄 {30 g},
huang qi 黄芪 {6 g},
ge gen 葛根 {10 g},
xuan shen 玄参 {30 g}: Xianmin-Pg46.

*Clarify Throat and Lung Formula
生地黄 12g,
玄参 9g,
麦冬 6g,
白芍 6g,
牡丹皮 6g,
川贝母 6g,
薄荷 3g,
甘草 3g.

*Clear Heat and Nourish Yin Formula
青 蒿 6g,
鱉甲 15g,
生地黄 12g,
知母 6g,
牡丹皮 9g.

*Bai Tou Weng Soup (detoxifies bowels)
bai tou weng 白头翁 {9 g},
huang lian 黄莲 {9 g},
huang bai 黄柏 {9 g},
qing pin 秦皮 {9 g}

*Little Green Dragon Soup (cold/phlegm)
ma huang 麻黄 {12 g},
gui zhi 桂枝 {9 g},
gan jiang 乾姜 {9 g},
xi xin 细辛 {9 g},
wu wei zi 五味子 {9 g},
bai shao 白芍 {9 g},
ban xia 半夏 {9 g},
gan cao 甘草 {9 g}

*Jade Female Formula (benefits yin)
tian men dong 天门冬 {20 g},
nan sha shen 南沙参 {12 g},
mai men dong 麦门冬 {10 g},
huang jing 黄精 {10 g},
gou qi zi 枸杞子 {10 g},
nu zhen zi 女贞子{10 g},
han lian cao 旱莲草 {6 g},
bie jia 鱉甲 {10 g},
gui ban 龟板 {10 g}.

*Xue Fu Zhu Yu Soup (evening tidal fever and mood swings)
tao ren 桃仁 {12 g},
hong hua 红花 {9 g},
dang gui 当归 {9 g},
chuan xiong 川芎 {6 g},
chi shao 赤芍 {6 g},
niu xi 牛膝 {9 g},
chai hu 柴胡 {3 g},
jie geng 桔梗 {6 g},
zhe ke 枳壳 {6 g},
sheng di huang 生地黄 {9 g},
ga cao 甘草 {3 g}.

*Xiao Yao Powder (benefits liver, spleen and blood)
chai hu 柴胡 {30 g},
dang gui 当归 {30 g},
bai shao 白芍 {30 g},
bai zhu 白朮 {30 g},
fu ling 伏苓 {30 g},
gan cao 甘草 {30 g},
(ingested in 10g doses in a ginger and mint aqueous extract/solution)

*Kidney Essence Formula <ref> Giovanni Maciocia, "The Practice of
Chinese Medicine", Churchill Livingstone. 1994. Page 498. </ref>
zi he che 紫河车 {1 ea},
shu di huang 熟地黄 {60 g},
sheng di huang 生地黄 {45 g},
gou qi zi 枸杞子 {45 g},
tian men dong 天门冬 {20 g},
wu wei zi 五味子 {20 g},
dang gui 当归 {20 g},
niu xi 牛膝 {20 g},
du zhong 杜仲 {30 g},
suo yang 锁阳 {20 g},
rou cong rong 肉苁蓉 {20 g},
huang bo 黄柏 {20 g}: Giovanni Maciocia:Page 498.

*Liver-Kidney Formula<ref>ChongYun L., Angela T.: "Chinese Herbal
Medicines", CRC Press. 2003. Page 239. </ref>
dang shen 党参 {12g},
shu di huang 熟地黄 {12g},
shan yao 山药 {12g},
shan zhu yu 山茱萸 {9g},
yuan zhi 远志 {3g},
tu Si Zi 吐丝子 {9g},
xu duan 续断 {9g},
wu wei zhi 五味子 {3g},
zhi gan cao 甘草 {6g}

*Alleviate Asthma
(1) Perilla Frutescens, Prunus Armeniaca, Glycyrrhiza Uralensis,
Scutellaria Baicalensis, Coptis Chinesis, Tusilago Farfara, Stemona
Sessilifolia, Fritillaria Cirrhosa, Pheretima Aspergillum, Psoralaea
Corylifolia, Codonopsis Pilosula, Hordeum Vulgara, Massa Fermentata
Medicalis, Schisandra Chinesis, and Gypsum.
[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7255884.html United States Patent
7255884]

(2) Ma Huang,
Xing Ren ,
Gan Cao,
Huang Qin ,
Huang Lian ,
Huang Bai ,
Kuan Dong Hua ,
Bai Bu,
Chuan Bei Mu (or Bei Mu) ,
Di Long,
Bu Gu Zhi ,
Dang Shen ,
Shan Zha ,
Mai Ya ,
Shen Qu ,
Wu Wei Zi ,
Shi Gao,
Su Zi,
Zi Wan ,
Bai Shao,
Jin Yin Hua,
Lian Qiao,
Jing Jie ,
Huang Qi ,
Fang Feng.

Ref: http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/7255884/description.html

*Dia Da (Impact Injuries)

The term "Dia-Da" literally means "Fall-Hit" in Mandarin. The
Cantonese equivalent is [[Dit_da_jow]] which alludes to the
"wine" ("jow") or alcohol used to treat this form of injury. This term
is a graphic way to describe impact injuries, namely injuries that
probably result from falling down or being hit by something. In modern
living, these injuries could conceivably be the result of colliding
with a vehicle, or being hit by a ball, racket, stick or bat.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Main Function of Herb Group
!Herb Names
|-
|Anti-rheumatic herbs
|Du Huo, Qin Jiao, Wei Ling Xian
|-
|Herbs to stop bleeding
|San Qi, Pu Huang
|-
|Herbs to promote blood circulation
|Ru Xiang, Mo Yao, Xue Jie
|}

*Herbs Used in Formulas for Diabetes <ref> Bukuru J. , De Kimpe N.:
"Natural medicines used in the traditional Chinese medical system for
therapy of diabetes mellitus", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92(1):
1-21, May 2004. </ref>

Herbs that are frequently used in TCM formulas in the treatment of
diabetes include:

Radix Astragali seu Hedysari
, Radix Rehmanniae and Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata
, Radix Trichosanthis
, Radix Puerariae
, Radix Ginseng
, Radix Panacis Quinquefolii
, Rhizoma Polygonati
, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati
, Fructus Coini
, Hirudo
, Rhizoma Coptidis
, Fructus Lycii and Cortex Lycii Radicis
, Poria
, Rhizoma Atractylodis
, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae
, Radix Ophiopogonis
, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi
, Fructus Mori, Folium Mori and Cortex Mori Radicis
, Fructus Schisandrae
, Gynostemmae Herba
, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae
, Rhizoma Phragmitis
, Rhizoma Alismatis
, Semen Cuscutae
, Herba Epimedii
, Radix Clematidis
, Radix Notoginseng
, Herba Dendrobii
, Concha Ostreae
, Radix Lithospermi
, Radix Aconiti and Radix Aconiti Praeparata
, Radix Acanthopanacis Senticosi
, Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba
, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei
, Rhizoma Pinelliae
, Radix Polygalae
, Fructus Hordei Germinatus
, Cortex Phellodendri
, Fructus Arctii
, Fructus Xanthii
, Bombyx Batryticatus
, Gecko
, Radix Stephaniae Tetradrae
, Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidate
, Radix Platycodi
, Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae
, Radix Scrophulariae
, Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong
, Radix Angelicae Sinensis
, Fructus Balsampear
, Rhizoma Dioscoreae
, Stigma Maydis
, Semen Fagopyri Cymosi
, Semen Litchi
, Pericarpium Granati
, Semen Coicis
, Allii Sativi Bulbus
, Allii Cepa Bulbus
, Radix Asparragi Officinalis
, Cordyceps
, Ganoderma Lucidum seu Japonicum
, Tremellae, Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult (Asclepiadaceae)
, Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Leguminosae)
, Prunella vulgaris L. (Labiatae)
, Ephedra sinica Stapf., and Ephedra distachya L. (Ephedraceae)
, Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (Rosaceae)
, Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher (Solanaceae)
, Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae)
, Stevia rebaudina (Bert.) Hemsl. (Compositae)
, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae)
, Aralia elta (Miq.) Seem. and Aralia decaisneana Hance (Araliaceae)
, Caesalpinia sappan L. (Leguminosae)
, Rhodiola sachalinensis A. (Crassulaceae)
, Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae)
, Amorphophallus spp. (Araceae)
, Oenothera erythrosepala Borb. (Oangraceae)
, Tribuluks terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae)
, Euonyrnus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. (Celastraceae)
, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae).

==Herb Patents==

Some herb patents <ref> http://patft.uspto.gov/ </ref> <ref>
http://www.patentstorm.us </ref> <ref> http://www.freepatentsonline.com
</ref><ref> http://www.patentlens.net/ </ref> that contain the herb
Glycyrrhiza Uralensis (Licorice, Liquorice, gan cao, 甘草):

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!US Patent
!Patent Name
|-
|7416747
|Herbal composition for treatment of neurodegeneration and neuronal
dysfunction
|-
|7118767
|Pharmaceutical composition for increasing the production of nitric
oxide and IFN-?,

and process for preparation thereof
|-
|7025993
|Herbal composition PHY906 and its use in chemotherapy
|-
|6911221
|Anti-neoplastic drug
|-
|6503542
|Herbal compositions for treating immunological disorders (rheumatoid
arthritis)
|-
|6641846
|Pharmaceutical composition against type I allergy and the preparation
thereof
|-
|5466452
|Pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of skin disorders
|-
|6039954
|Herbal compositions for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders
|-
|5411733
|Antiviral agent containing crude drug
|-
|6426098
|Herbal compositions for hepatic disorders
|-
|6350476
|Herbal chinese joint complex
|-
|6358540
|Herbal composition for treatment of tinnitus
|-
|5908628
|Compositions with analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory
properties
|-
|5609875
|Skin whitening composition
|-
|5589182
|Compositions and method of treating cardio-, cerebro-vascular and
alzheimer's

diseases and depression
|-
|4639466
|3',6-diisopentenyl-2',4'-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-isoflavan and
related compounds

useful as anxiolytic agents and avermectin antidotes
|-
|4618495
|Preparation for reducing cancer symptoms without treating cancer
|-
|4613591
|Adminiculum for antitumor agents
|-
|6103240
|Herbal sweetening and preservative composition comprising licorice
extract and

mogrosides obtained from plants belonging to cucurbitaceae and/or
momordica
|-
|6093403
|Sugar imbalance and diabetes treating herbal formulation
|-
|4501734
|Promotion of absorption of drugs administered through the alimentary
system
|-
|6319523
|Composition and method for inhibiting oral bacteria
|-
|4528192
|Process for preparing an antitoxic composition
|-
|6521269
|Compositions and methods for enhancing therapeutic effects
|-
|6395311
|Multicomponent biological vehicle
|-
|7083811
|Herbal composition for the prevention and treatment of dementia
|-
|5744138
|Process for separating organogermanium compounds and
inorganogermanium compounds

from a germanium-containing pharmaceutical plant or its processed
products
|-
|6280751
|Essential oil composition
|-
|7452557
|Preventive or therapeutic agent for pollen allergy, allergic
rhinitis, atopic

dermatitis, asthma or urticaria, or health food for prevention or
improvement or

reduction of symptoms thereof
|-
|5942233
|Herbal composition for stimulating blood circulation
|-
|5985935
|Treatment and prophylaxis of diseases caused by parasites, or
bacteria
|-
|6576267
|Composition and method for treating the effects of diseases and
maladies
|-
|6630176
|Herbal remedies for treating allergies and asthma
|-
|5874084
|Using complex herbal formulations to treat hot flashes
|-
|5773004
|Compositions for curing diabetes mellitus, processes for the
preparation of same,

and usage of same
|-
|6455078
|Medicinal herbal composition for treating liver diseases and HIV
|-
|6068845
|Inhibition of abnormal accumulation of extra-cellular matrices
|-
|5891440
|Phytoestrogen supplement prepared from pomegranate seeds and a herbal
mixture or

coconut milk
|-
|7078064
|Compositions and methods useful for treating and preventing chronic
liver disease,

chronic HCV infection and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
|-
|5770217
|Dietary supplement for hematological, immune and appetite enhancement
|-
|6872709
|Therapeutic agent for mastitis of livestock and method for treating
mastitis using

the same agent
|-
|5837257
|Use of plant extracts for treatment of HIV, HCV and HBV infections
|-
|6432455
|Symptomatic relief of allergic reactions
|-
|6083512
|Multicomponent clostridial vaccines using saponin adjuvants
|-
|4537763
|Products sweetened with ?-glycosyl glycyrrhizin
|-
|6652891
|Co-enzyme Q10 dietary supplement
|-
|6685973
|Method for inhibiting 15-lipoxygenase with fermented Glycine max (L.)
extract
|-
|5882672
|Crude drug-containing feed
|-
|6986906
|Cranberry based dietary supplement and dental hygiene product
|-
|6989278
|Method of identifying therapeutic compounds for a treatment of
hepatic disorders
|-
|7147876
|Compositions for removal of toxins
|-
|6123946
|Hygienic bag and preparation thereof
|-
|4898890
|Medicines for use in the therapy and prevention of kidney and liver
diseases
|-
|6603046
|Bis-aromatic a,ଲ-unsaturated ketones
|-
|6713091
|Composition for lowering the concentration of alcohol in blood
containing extracts

of pepino and method for producing the same
|-
|7384654
|Anti-Allergy composition and related method
|}
Ref: http://www.patentstorm.us/ and http://www.freepatentsonline.com/


*Patent Title: COMPOSITIONS FOR SUPPRESSING OBESITY
**Patent number: WO2008146955 (A1)
**Source: European Patent Database <ref> "WIPO - e...@ce.net"
http://gb.espacenet.com/search97cgi/s97_cgi.exe?Template=gb/en/quick.hts&Action=FormGen
</ref>
**Herbs used: Herba Ephedrae and Thallus Laminariae seu Eckloniae, or
comprising Herba Ephedrae, Thallus Laminariae seu Eckloniae and Radix
et Rhizoma Rhei.

==Praeparatum==

TCM suppliers may "prepare" herbs to bring out different or enhanced
properties:

# Chao 炒 Dry-fried <ref>Chi-Hao W., Gow-Chin Y.: "Antigenotoxic
properties of Cassia tea (Cassia tora L.): Mechanism of action and the
influence of roasting process",
Life Sciences, Volume 76(1):85-101, 19 November 2004.
</ref>
# Zhi 炙 Honey-fried
# Jiu (Wine or Alcohol)
## Jiu Chao 酒炒 Wine Fried (Fried in Alcohol)<ref>
Fan X., Mian Z., Chao-Feng Z., Zheng-Tao W., Bo-Yang Y., Jun-Ping K.,
"Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract and
two limonoids from Melia toosendan fruit",
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 117(3):463-466, 22 May 2008.
</ref>
## Jiu Zhi 酒炙 Wine Treated (Pre-soaked in alcohol and dried)
# Tan 炭 Charred
# Xian 鲜 Fresh (or raw)
# Duan 煅 Calcined (heated to oxidise or reduce to calx)
# Herb extracts. These may be in liquid or powder form, and may
include the use of high temperatures (110-150° C) and pressures (3.50
kgf/cm2) over a period of [http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/7371416/
fulltext.html days] using different solvents, including [http://
www.epoline.org/portal/public/registerplus vinegar.]

-Examples of herbs that may be dry-fried:
Chao Huang Bai 炒黄柏,
Chao Shen Qu 炒神曲,
Chao Mai Ya 炒麦芽,
Chao Bai Zhu 炒白朮.

-An example of a herb that may be honey-fried:
Zhi Gan Cao 炙甘草.

-Examples of herbs that may be fried in alcohol:
Jiu Chao Zhi Mu 酒炒知母,
Jiu Chao Huang Bai 酒炒黄柏,
Jiu Chao Huang Lian 酒炒黄莲,
Jiu Chao Huang Qi 酒炒黄耆,
Jiu Chao Che Qian Zi 酒炒车前子,
Jiu Chao Bai Shao 酒炒白芍,
Jiu Gui Ban 酒龟板.

-An example of a herb that may be pre-soaked in alcohol:
Jiu Zhi Da Huang 酒炙大黄.

-An example of a herb that may be charred:
Xue Yu Tan 血餘炭.

-Herbs that may be specified as fresh (not dried) in a formula
include:
Xian Jin Yin Hua 鲜金银花

-Typically, the following may be calcined:
Duan Mu Li 煅牡蠣,
Duan Long Gu 煅龙骨,
Duan Meng Shi 煅礞石,
Duan Ci Shi 煅磁石,
Duan Gui Ban 煅龟板.

Note: In TCM texts, "Wine" or "Jiu" does not usually refer to
alcoholic drinks made from grapes. It may refer to solutions with a
high alcohol content exceeding 40% of total volume, as some Chinese
Wines, such as Kao Liang Jiu, has up to 60% alcohol content. In TCM
terminology, "Jiu" is frequently translated as "Wine", although it is
probably more accurate to translate it as "Alcohol", since it can
refer to alcohol from any source, including rice, millet and sorghum.

==Herbs with Anti-Oxidant Capacity==
<ref> Haiying Liu, Nongxue Qiu, Huihuang Ding, Ruiqi Yao: "Polyphenols
contents and antioxidant capacity of 68 Chinese herbals suitable for
medical or food uses", Food Research International, 41(4):363-370,
2008.</ref>

Herbs with some anti-oxidant capacity include the following (English
Name - Latin Name):

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Herb Group/ Family
!Herb Names
|-
|Moraceae
|
Mulberry Leaf - Folium mori ,
Mulberry Fruit - Fructus mori ,
Hemp Fruit - Fructus cannabis .

|-
|Nymphaeales
|
Lotus Seed - Semen nelumbinis,
Lotus Leaf - Folium nelumbinis ,
Gordon Euryale Seed - Semen euryales .

|-
|Rosaceae
|
Hawthorn Fruit - Fructus crataegi ,
Bitter Apricot Seed - Semen armeniacae amarum ,
Peach Kernel - Semen persicae,
Dark Plum Fruit - Fructus mume,
Chinese Flowering Quince Fruit - Fructus chaenomelis ,
Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed - Semen pruni ,
Chinese Raspberry - Fructus rubi.

|-
|Leguminosae
|
Cassia Seed - Semen cassiae ,
Pagodatree Flower - Flos sophorae ,
White Hyacinth Bean - Semen lablab album ,
Adzuki Bean - Semen phaseoli ,
Fermented Soybean - Semen sojae preparatum ,
Kudzu Root - Radix puerariae ,
Liquoric Root - Radix glycyrrhizae.

|-
|Lutaceae
|
Finger Citron fruit - Fructus citri sarcodactylis ,
Pricklyash Peel - Fructus zanthoxyli ,
Citron Fruit - Fructus citri ,
Tangerine Peel - Pericarpium citri reticulatae ,
Red Tangerine Peel - Exocarpium citri rubrum.

|-
|Rhamnaceae
|
Chinese Date - Fructus jujubae,
Spina Date Seed - Semen ziziphi spinosae,
Raisin Tree Seed - Semen hoveniae .

|-
|Myrtales
|
Clove - Flos syzygii aromatic.

|-
|Umbelliferae
|
Dahurian Angelica Root - Radix angelicae dahuricae,
Fennel - Fructus foeniculi .

|-
|Lamiaceae
|
Wrinkled Gianthyssop Herb - Herba agastaches,
Perilla Leaf - Folium perillae ,
Peppermint - Herba menthae ,
Haichow Elsholtzia Herb - Herba moslae .

|-
|Solanaceae
|
Barbary Wolfberry Fruit - Fructus lycii.

|-
|Rubiaceae
|
Cape Jasmine Fruit - Fructus gardeniae .

|-
|Caprifoliaceae
|
Honeysuckle Flower - Flos lonicerae .

|-
|Cucurbitaceae
|
Grosvenor Momordica Fruit - Fructus siraitiae grosvenorii .

|-
|Asteraceae
|
Chrysanthemum - Flos chrysanthemi,
Dandelion Herb - Herba taraxaci ,
Common Cephalanoplos Herb - Herba cephalanoploris.

|-
|Gramineae
|
Lalang Grass Rhizome - Rhizoma imperatae ,
Reed Rhizome - Rhizoma phragmitis ,
Coix Seed - Semen coicis ,
Bamboo leaves - Herba lophatheri ,
Malt - Fructus hordei germinatus .

|-
|Liliaceae
|
Greenish Lily Bulb - Bulbus lilii ,
Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome - Rhizoma polygonati odorati ,
King Solomonseal Rhizome - Rhizoma polygonati,
Longstamen Onion Bulb - Bulbus allii macrostemi .

|-
|Doiscoreaceae
|
Common Yam Rhizome - Rhizoma diosscoreae .

|-
|Zingiberaceae
|
Ginger - Rhizoma zingiberis recens,
Sharpleaf Galangal Fruit - Fructus alpiniae oxyphyllae ,
Lesser Galangal Rhizome - Rhizoma alpiniae officinarum ,
Villous Amomum Fruit - Fructus amomi .

|-
|Ginkgoaceae
|
Ginkgo Seed - Semen gingko.

|-
|Campanulceae
|
Platycodon Root - Radix platycodi.

|-
|Sapindaceae
|
Dried Longan Pulp - Arillus longan .

|-
|Pedaliaceae
|
Black Sesame - Semen sesami nigrum.

|-
|Piperaceae
|
Black Pepper - Piper nigrum .

|-
|Sterculiaceae
|
Boat-fruited Scaphium Seed - Semen scaphii lychnophori .

|-
|Myristicaceae
|
Nutmeg - Semen myristicae .

|-
|Magnoliaceae
|
Chinese Star Anise - Fructus anisi stellati.

|-
|Portulacaceae
|
Parslane Herb - Herba portulacae .

|-
|Burseraceae
|
Chinese White Olive - Fructus canarii .

|-
|Saururaceae
|
Heartleaf Houttuynia Herb - Herba houttuyniae .

|-
|Taxaceae
|
Grand Torreya Seed - Semen torreyae .

|}

==Herbs with Anti-Tumor Capacity==
<ref>L.C. Whelan, M.F. Ryan:
"Ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia and other ethnobotanical species as
inhibitors of human tumour cell growth",
Phytomedicine, 10(1):53-58, 2003.
</ref>

Herbs with some capacity to inhibit human tumour cell growth include:

#Psoralea corylifolia,
#Euphorbia grandidens,
#Dianthus sinensis,
#Phytolacca polyandra,
#Sophora flavescens,
#Cephalotaxus fortunei,
#Polygonatum odoratum,
#Coptis chinensis,
#Ganoderma lucidum
#Terminalia chebula,
#Atropa belladonna,
#Euphorbia grandicorni,
#Euphorbia latea.

==Herbs with Anti-Cancer Capacity==
<ref> http://www.patentstorm.us/applications/20050025841/fulltext.html</ref>
Six groups of herbs with some capacity to help prevent or treat
cancers are:

Group 1:
Sophora tonkinensis (Sophora subprostrata),
Belamcanda chinensis,
Scrophularia ningpoensis,
Isatis tinctoria,
Isatis indigotica,
Baphicacanthus cusia;

Group 2:
Polygonum bistorta,
Polygonum lapidosum,
Polygonum viviparum,
Polygonum manshuriense,
Polygonum alopecuroides,
Polygonum sphaerostachyum,
Andrographis paniculata,
Taraxacum mongolicum,
Chrysanthemun indicum;

Group 3:
Prunella vulgaris,
Artemissia capillaris,
Gardenia jasminoides,
Rosa rugosa,
Lophatherum gracile;

Group 4:
Sonchus brachyotus,
Patrinia scabiosaefolia,
Patrinia villosa,
Sonchus arvensis,
Thlaspi arvense,
Portulaca oleracea,
Pulsatilla chinensis;

Group 5:
Dictamnus dasycarpus,
Kochia scoparia,
Sophora flavescens,
Heydyotis diffusa;

Group 6:
Dioscorea bulbifera,
Panax notoginseng,
Bletilla striata,
Nelumbo nucifera,
Polygonum bistorta,
Cephalanoplos segetum,
Cirsium japonicum,
Sophora japonica,
Typha angustifolia,
Rubia cordifolia;

==Herbs for Hyperlipidemia and Angina Pectoris==
<ref>http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6413554/fulltext.html </ref>

Herbs used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and angina pectoris
include:

Allium thumbergii,
Trichosanthis semen,
Angelicae gigantis radix,
Salviae radix,
Cinnamomi ramulus,
Curcumae tuber,
Paeoniae rubrae radix,
Pinelliae rhizoma.

==Herbs for Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular and Alzheimer's diseases
and Depression==
<ref> http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5589182/fulltext.html </ref>

Herbs used in the treatment of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and
alzheimer's diseases and depression include:

Asparagus cochinchinensis,
Ophiopogon japonicus,
Salvia miltiorrhiza,
Angelica aeutiloba kitagawa,
Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz,
Poria cocos wolf,
Schizandra chinensis,
Biota orientalis,
Pueraria pseudo-hirsuta,
Panax ginseng,
Codonopsis pilosula,
Scrophularia ningpoensis,
Glycyrrhiza uralensis,
Panax pseudo-ginseng,
Ganoderma japonicum,
Coptis chinensis,
Chrysanthemum morifolium,
Phellodendron amurense.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Meanings of Terms==

#The meanings of some Latin/pharmaceutical terms as used in herb
names:
##Bulbus - bulb
##Caulis - stem
##Colla - animal glue
##Concha - shell
##Cornu - animal horn
##Corrii - animal hide
##Cortex - bark
##Cum - with
##Degelatinum - degelatinated fragments
##Et - and
##Exocarpium - outer bark
##Extractae - extract
##Fermentata - fermented
##Flos - flower
##Folium - leaf
##Fructus - fruit
##Gelatina, Gelatinum - gelatin
##Herba - leaves and stems
##Lignum - woody parts
##Os - bone
##Pericarpium - seed husk
##Praeparata - prepared
##Pulvis - powder
##Radix - root
##Recens - raw
##Resinae - resin
##Ramus - branch
##Ramulus - twig
##Rhizoma - rhizome
##Semen - seed
##Seu - or
##Spora - spore
##Spp. - species
# The terms used in this article reflect typical TCM usage (as
translated literally from individual Chinese characters), and may not
reflect their meanings in TCM, namely, meanings that are normative,
figurative or metaphorical when read in context. The meanings of these
terms are therefore different from that in common English usage. In
particular, they are not to be used for purposes of self-diagnosis,
much less for self-medication. For example, "Xia Huo" means "To reduce
fire", but "fire" here does not refer to combustion involving oxygen.
Even within TCM, there are various meanings of "fire", and it can
refer to "real" or "false" fire. The 3 herbs mentioned above cannot be
used to reduce "false fire", or fires of yin deficiency in the zhang
organs.
# An example of the non-literal use of transliterated characters is
"long gu" which literally means "dragon bones". This term cannot
possibly refer to Chinese or other dragons, since they do not exist.
However, one can easily buy "long gu" from any TCM pharmacy. Another
term that cannot be taken literally is "di long" which literally means
"earth dragon".
# Although the above herbs are common in TCM prescriptions, they
cannot be purchased if we refer only to their Latin names. One likely
reason is that TCM pharmacists rarely, if ever, use the Latin names of
the herbs. The Chinese names, or the transliterated names (pinyin)
should be used instead. For example, if we ask for "flos Lonicerae" we
will almost certainly get a blank look. However, if we ask for "jin
yin hua" or '''金银花''' we will connect immediately, even though the
pharmacist may speak any of the large number of Chinese dialects (such
as Cantonese, where the herb is known as "kum gen fa", or Golden
Silver Flower, in Hong Kong). Wherever possible, use the written form
(金银花) to avoid miscommunication and/or mis-pronunciation, since there
is no dialect form of the written language.
# There are a large number of synonyms of the herb names, in both
Chinese, English and Latin. This makes it even more essential to use
the written form of the Chinese names to ensure accuracy. For example,
in a number of websites, "dong quai", "tang-kuei", "teng-kui" and
"dang gui" are treated as different herbs, when in fact they refer to
the same herb transliterated differently. "Dong quai" is the Cantonese
form of "tang-kui" which, in proper pinyin, should be spelt as "dang
qui", and "teng-kui" is simply a typographical error transmitted and
repeated in cyberspace.
# Some herbs are prone to adulteration, substitution, or both. For
example, Ling Zhi Cao (Cordyceps) can be substituted with an inactive
form of the herb. If an extract is first made with water, the herb
will be tasteless when dried and re-used/recycled. On the other hand,
the genuine Ling Zhi tastes bitter, but few consumers would know the
difference, especially if the herb is mixed in a prescription and
boiled together with other herbs. The pharmacists themselves may not
be aware, as some may trust their suppliers implicitly, and do not
conduct regular testing. (Ref: Yoe-Ray K., Yuan-Shiun C., Kuo-Ching
W., Li-Kang H., "Analysis and confirmation of synthetic anorexics in
adulterated traditional Chinese medicines by high-performance
capillary electrophoresis", Journal of Chromatography A, 848(1-2):
537-543, 2 July 1999.)
# Animal-based "herbs" are prone to substitution or adulteration,
including "xiong dan" (bear bile / gall bladder) which looks very much
like "niu dan" (bovine bile /gall bladder) when the gall bladder is
dried, although "niu dan" is far less bitter in taste. Some are simply
unavailable because they are banned in many countries. These include
tiger parts, such as "hu gu" (tiger bone) which is substituted by
bobcat bone, and "chuan san jia" (scales of the pangolin) which has no
animal-based substitute. "Niu huang (bovine gallstone) is unavailable
in many Western countries and Singapore because of its potential
impact on pregnant women, although "niu huang" pills with about 2% of
"niu huang" are available in many Asian countries.
# Some herb names may be identical in the pinyin form but can be very
different in their Chinese or Latin forms. An example is "da ji" which
refers to two entirely different herbs with different applications.
One reason is that many Chinese words have the same pronunciation, but
have different meanings, and refer to different written characters.
Some Chinese pharmacists will insist on the written form as a standard
procedure to reduce prescription errors. If the written form is not
sufficiently clear (eg. specifying how the herb is to be prepared),
they will ask to speak to the TCM doctor.
# Alternative names (synonyms) are put in brackets. For example, "mo
han lian" is sometimes called "han lian cao", so the Chinese names are
墨旱莲, (旱莲草). As some herbs have a large number of synonyms, only very
common ones are listed above. Furthermore, variants of the herbs are
not listed. For example, there are many types of ginseng, such as
Korean Ginseng ("kao li shen", a prepared form of ginseng), American
Ginseng ("xi yang shen" or "yang shen"), etc, and these are not listed
above. Some "synonyms" may result from the different ways in which the
terms are translated. For example, 羌活 may be transliterated as "jiang
huo" or "qiang huo" in different texts, so both terms are included to
facilitate searching and for easy reference. The purpose of this
article is not prescriptive (to standardize the terminology used), but
descriptive (to describe what is being used currently).
# Some "herb" names are used euphemistically, and thus may be
misleading. For example, "Seal Testes/Penis" may be called "hai gou
shen" (海狗肾) which literally means "Seal Kidney". Although euphemisms
are found in some texts, practicing TCM pharmacists may not be
familiar with their use.
# The terms used under "Formulas" reflect the terms used in the source
text (book). For example, in the "Heart Dissipation Formula",
pericarpium Citri Reticulatae is called 陈皮 (literally "old skin") in
the text, whereas other texts refer to it as 橘皮 (tangerine skin).

== References==
#Patent Search [http://www.surfip.gov.sg/]
#Patent Scope: World Intellectual Property Organization [http://
www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/index.jsp]
#European Patent Office [http://gb.espacenet.com/] [http://
ep.espacenet.com/]
#United States Patent and Trademark Office [http://patft.uspto.gov/]
#US Patent Search [http://www.patentstorm.us] [http://
www.freepatentsonline.com] [http://www.patentlens.net/]
#Journal of Chinese Medicine [http://www.cmjournal.org/content/1/1/3]
#TCMcollege.com [http://www.tcmcollege.com/medherbs.htm]
#SacredLotus.com [http://www.sacredlotus.com/herbs/index.cfm]
#AlternativeHealing.org [http://alternativehealing.org/
chinese_herbs_dictionary.htm]
#TCM.Health-Info.org [http://tcm.health-info.org/formulas/TCM-herbal-
formulas.htm]
#Mamaherb.com [http://www.mamaherb.com/Treatments/View.aspx?id=10006]
#USpharmacist.com [http://www.uspharmacist.com/index.asp?
show=article&page=8_2175.htm]
#Springerlink.com [http://www.springerlink.com/content/
u2327163660v3312/fulltext.pdf]
#National Center for Biotechnology Information, [http://
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/ PubMed] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/]
#ECDYsteriods [http://ecdybase.org/]
#Institute of Traditional Medicine [http://www.itmonline.org/]
#Herbs & Formulas [http://www.chinesemedicinetools.com/herbal-
medicine]
#Chinese Herb Names in Fanti (Traditional Chinese) [http://
www.rootdown.us/Herbs/]
#Chinese Herb Names in Pinyin (transliteration) [http://
www.pinyinology.com/herb.html]
#Herbasin herb names [http://www.herbasin.com/herb/pinyisort/a-b-
pin.htm]
#Japanese [[Kampo]] Medicines, [[Kampo herb list]], [[Kampo list]] of
Formulas
#Indian Ayurveda Remedies [http://www.holisticonline.com/Herbal-Med/
Remedies/hol_herbal-tonics-home.htm]
#[[List of herbs and minerals in Ayurveda]]
# TCM Materia Medica Journal [http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/
ebm/journal/Zhong_Yao_Cai]
# Common Herbs [http://www.herbstars.com/commoncn.asp] and Uncommon
Herbs[http://www.herbstars.com/uncommoncn.asp] in Chinese and English
# Learner's Chinese Medicine Dictionary [http://memo.cgu.edu.tw/wise-
man/CDDIC.pdf]
# Pharmcast.com [http://www.pharmcast.com/Patents/Yr2003/
Jan2003/010703/6503542_Herbal010703.htm]
# Formula Names [http://www.easternbotanicals.ca/media/pdf/
Resources_for_using_the_Dispensary/Formula_name_crossref.pdf]

==Translation/transliteration of herb names==

Audio dictionary [http://www.nciku.com/search/zh/detail/]

Comprehensive Korean/English/Chinese herb names
[http://www.koreantk.com/en/m_sta/med_stat_search.jsp?
searchGbn=statis]

Wiktionary [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/艽]

Babelfish [http://babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_txt]

Chinese dictionary [http://www.ourchinese.org/Dictionary.asp?
class=PinYin&v=jiao] and English-Chinese usage [http://ec.mydict.com/]

Creative Commons CEDICT Project for English-Chinese Translation
[http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=cedict]

Translation between traditional Chinese terms (fanti) and simplified
Chinese terms (jianti) [http://alosco.com/word.html]

Combination (multi-character) Chinese Terms [http://
www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/scripts/showchar.php?id=62&full=true]

Chinese radical index [http://chinese-characters.org/radical/
default.html]

Chinese radicals and strokes index [http://chinese.dsturgeon.net/
dictionary.pl?if=en]

Chinese Tools [http://alosco.com/chinesetools/]

Pinyin (Pīnyīn,拼音) Online Tools [http://alosco.com/pinyin/]

[[Category:Traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[User:Cottonball|Cottonball]] ([[User talk:Cottonball|talk]]) 02:36,
20 May 2009 (UTC)


=====================================================================


==TCM Materia Medica Classification by Part of Plant Used==
Herbs can be classified by the whole plant, or part of the plant that
is traditionally used as TCM Materia Medica. The parts of plant
include root, stem, flower, fruit and leaf, as follows: [2] [3]

# [[TCM Materia Medica (Bark)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Bark)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Bulb)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Bulb)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Flower)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Flower)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Fruit)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Fruit)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Leaf)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Leaf)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Plant)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Plant)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Plant Part 1)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Plant_Part_1)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Plant Part 2)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Plant_Part_2)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Plant Part 3)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Plant_Part_3)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Plant Part 4)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Plant_Part_4)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Rhizome)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Rhizome)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Root)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Root)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Root Part 1)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Root_Part_1)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Root Part 2)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Root_Part_2)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Root Part 3)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Root_Part_3)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Root Part 4)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Root_Part_4)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Seed)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Seed)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Stem)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Stem)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Tuber)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Tuber)
# [[TCM Materia Medica (Others)]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCM_Materia_Medica_(Others)

===References===
# Ou Ming and Li Yanwen. The Traditional Chinese Drug and Its Usage.
(page 328). Hai Feng Publishing Co. 1994. ISBN: 962-238-199-5.
# Nigel Wiseman. "English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary of
Chinese Medicine. Pages 1-387. ISBN:7-5357-1656-3."
# Encyclopedia of Life http://www.eol.org/