Vex Vrc Legal Parts

[Custodio Groves]

Protectedspecies are those species that are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act and/or the Endangered Species Act. Protected species under NOAA Fisheries' jurisdiction include marine mammals (dolphins, porpoises, whales, seals, and sea lions) and ESA-listed marine and anadromous species (e.g., some corals, some abalone, certain sturgeon, many salmon, and various sawfish species).

Protected species parts include any part of a protected species, both hard and soft. This includes everything from teeth to fur to blood to blow (exhalate). The term "parts" also refers to parts derived from tissues, such as cell lines and DNA. Urine and feces are not considered parts.

All marine mammals are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act and endangered and threatened species are protected under the Endangered Species Act. These laws regulate what can and cannot be done with live animals and with parts of those animals.

They prohibit the collection (i.e., take), import and export, of protected species parts. The origin of the part and your plans for it will determine what authorization you need. Without the proper authorization, you are in violation of the law. It is illegal to receive or possess a part that was illegally collected or imported.

Pre-Act parts are marine mammal parts that are older than 1972. Antique parts are parts from endangered or threatened species that are more than 100 years old. A Letter of Determination is required to import, export, or sell these parts for commercial or personal use. These parts may be bought and sold.

Pre-listed parts are endangered or threatened species parts that are older than 1973 or the species' listing date (if listed after 1973), but are not more than 100 years old. These parts must have a clear chain of custody and must not have been involved in commerce (i.e., bought or sold during this time). You must obtain a Letter of Determination to import or export these parts. These parts may not be bought and sold.

If you would like to import or export post-Act parts for scientific research purposes, you will need to apply for a scientific research permit. You will also need to apply for a scientific research permits if you plan on conducting research using protected species cell lines. These parts may not be bought or sold.

Once you have a scientific research permit, you may transfer or loan parts from your collection in accordance with permit conditions. Receipt, transfer, and loans of marine mammal parts must be for the purpose of scientific research, maintenance in a professionally curated scientific collection, or education. You may not receive or transfer parts for personal collections.

Before you receive a marine mammal part, you need to make sure you have proper authorization to receive it. You may receive a part if it was legally collected or imported and you are one of the following:

Protected species parts may not be bought or sold, except for parts that meet the pre-Act (MMPA) or Antique (ESA) exemptions explained above. You may request expenses (actual costs) associated with shipping and processing samples.

Receipt, transfer, and loans of marine mammals parts must be for the purpose of scientific research, maintenance in a professionally curated scientific collection, or education. Loans must be less than 12 months, a record of the loan must be maintained, and the recipient must be authorized. You may not transfer parts for personal collections.

The Marine Mammal Protection Act specifically provides for an exception for Alaska Natives to take marine mammals for subsistence purposes. Find out more about the co-management of marine mammals in Alaska

If you would like to receive parts taken from marine mammals that stranded in the United States after 1972 for use for scientific research, education, or curation, please contact the appropriate NOAA Fisheries Stranding Network Coordinator for the area where you live. They can help you obtain a Regional Authorization letter to receive these parts.

In some cases, yes, you may keep the part. You may collect and keep any bones, teeth, or ivory from a non-ESA listed marine mammal found on a beach or land within one-quarter mile of an ocean, bay, or estuary. You may not collect parts from a carcass or parts with soft tissues attached.

Any marine mammal bones, teeth, or ivory that you collect must be identified and registered with the nearest NOAA Fisheries Regional Office. You may contact the appropriate Stranding Network Coordinator in your region for assistance. Marine mammal parts collected in this manner may not be bought or sold.

A dead marine mammal with soft tissue is a stranded animal and you should report it to the nearest NOAA Fisheries Stranding Network Coordinator so that the animal may be sampled for scientific research purposes and properly disposed of. You may not collect parts from a stranded animal.

Ambergris is a naturally occurring by-product of sperm whale digestive tracts sometimes found on beaches. Ambergris is created when secretions form around squid beaks and cuttlefish parts in the intestinal tract of a whale.

These are items that qualify as authentic native articles of handicraft and clothing may be bought and sold within the United States. This does not include international sales, including transit through Canada. For example, items purchased in Alaska while on a cruise cannot travel through Canada on the way back to the United States.

These are items that are older than 1972 (for marine mammals) and older than 100 years (for ESA- listed species) may be bought and sold. These items must have a Letter of Determination accompanying their sale.

A fossil is created when all the organic material in a specimen has been replaced by inorganic material. Because they lack organic material, protected species fossils do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Marine Mammal Protection Act or the Endangered Species Act. Protected species fossils can be bought or sold without authorization.

It is important to note that not all items picked up on beaches or dug up are fossils. A fossil is not the same as a really old bone. Fossils are not regulated under the MMPA or ESA, but old bones are.

Yes, cell lines are considered protected species parts. Cell lines may only be transferred to researchers for scientific purposes under a scientific research permit. These cell lines cannot be bought or sold.

If you are going to import or export parts from species listed on the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora you will need a CITES Permit. For further information, please visit the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's ePermits.

In addition, your samples must be declared and cleared through a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service port designated for wildlife. A Wildlife Declaration Form 3-177 must be filed with the USFWS inspector at the time of import or export. Contact the appropriate port for details about how to declare and clear your shipment prior to shipping your samples.

I mean, its one thing to mold parts from some old kit where the company has been defunct for years, but another to mold parts from Revell, Monogram, AMT, MPC where they are the intellectual property of another company?

I've wondered that too Rob. Looks like there would be a legal issue there. Especially when the cast parts are direct copies of kit parts. You see kit parts that have been cast in resin all over ebay. Maybe the difference is the material used and process to make them?

Copyright exists on kit parts, which is why the little C in a circle is molded into the chassis plates of many models, and it's intended to apply to ALL the parts in the kit. Specific applications of copyright law differ according to subject matter, but to simply copy existing parts and sell them IS a violation of the copyright holders rights. It's called COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT. In many cases the violation is never reported or prosecuted, but if a manufacturer wants to play hardball in civil court, you could be looking at legal fees to defend yourself and possibly monetary damages. There's also the possibility of criminal action and fines.

The popular conception--or, more accurately, misconception--that copyright infringement involves piracy of only movies or music is false. Copyrights for various things can be violated. For example, the copyright of a book can be violated if someone photocopies an entire book and sells the photocopied book. Similarly, even toys' copyrights can be violated. How? If someone designs a toy so that it looks exactly like a toy made by some other company or individual and then markets or sells that toy as if it were made by that other individual or company, then that too is copyright infringement.

An example I have used time after time regards one of our members who had a cottage industry making decals, notably logos and other ID decals for Kenworth truck kits. Kenworth's lawyers tracked him down, sent him a cease and desist letter, and (within their rights) told him to destroy all his existing inventory. He did. After that, and you fail to comply, get ready for some expensive litigation.

They got him on eBay, as many other corporations monitor; don't even think about trying to sell Ferrari merchandise that isn't officially licensed -- they have heat-seeking lawyers that can find anything.

I also wonder how a number of resin companies get away with stuff -- I imagine it has to do with how closely certain copyright holders are watching. But however it works out, it's still counterfeiting.

There are no 'copyright police' and if the copyright holder doesn't raise a fuss, usually nothing happens. Being in another country really makes little difference, because most civilized countries have reciprocal agreements honoring each others patent and copyright laws...which China has a reputation for routinely ignoring. But part of the reason may be the increased expense of prosecuting an infringement case on the other side of the world.

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