Jaal The Trap 2 Full Movie In Hindi 720p Torrent
Lihuel Harding
Jaal: The Trap is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language action-thriller film directed by Guddu Dhanoa. It stars Sunny Deol, Tabu, Reema Sen, Amrish Puri and Anupam Kher.[2] It was released on 18 July 2003.[3][4]
In troubled Kashmir reside the Kaul family, consisting of Major Amrish, his wife Sudha, a daughter and a son, Ajay. Ajay meets with two accidents on his motorcycle due to the carelessness of Neha Pandit, this leads to their meeting again, and both fall in love. Ajay finds out that Neha has been widowed, but this does not deter him, and he convinces her father-in-law R. K. Sharma to bless them, which he does. Shortly after his approval, Neha is abducted by terrorist group Wafa-e-Alhak headed by Junaid Afghani, who demand the release of their chief Naved Rabhani, and in exchange of Neha, Anita Choudhary, the daughter of India's Home Minister's Bhagwat Choudhary. Ajay is tasked with abducting Anita and bring her to them if he is to ever see Neha alive again, but Anita has now re-located to New Zealand under the security of Major Amrish Kaul. Ajay travels to New Zealand, Anita falls in love with him and he manages to bring her to Junaid, but confronts him with the intention of rescuing both Anita and Neha, when it is revealed that Neha is the wife of Naved Rabbani, her father, Krishnakant, is Captain Rashid and was playing all along to trap Ajay. Anita is taken away and Ajay is thrown off a clif, branded as a terrorist by the government and public. Ajay then goes incognito to set things right and he finally kills all the terrorists including Neha and saves Anita. He finally gets united with Anita.
The dengue virus, transmitted by Aedes vectors, has been continuously spreading in tropical and subtropical countries, causing illness and fatality. Given the lack of a cost-effective dengue vaccine, the vector control approach for reducing the Aedes population remains the key method for mitigating dengue transmission. For a successful vector control program, an effective vector surveillance system is crucial for precisely predicting the spatial and temporal risk of a dengue outbreak. The ovitrap system improves data collection efficiency, aiding long-term dengue vector monitoring activities. This study is one of the few long-term dengue vector surveillance programs in Indonesia and provides compelling evidence of the need to improve the existing conventional larval surveillance system. The results demonstrated that two dengue vector mosquitoes, A. aegypti and A. albopictus, were present in the study area, and A. aegypti was more prevalent than A. albopictus. We observed an interactive relationship between ovitrap placement and rainfall in the dynamics of ovitrap-related indices; understanding this relationship allows for timely initiation of vector control and intervention strategies. We conclude that the ovitrap surveillance system is a sensitive tool for monitoring the population dynamics of Aedes vectors, predicting dengue outbreaks, and potentially improving community-based conventional larval surveillance.
Copyright: 2021 Sasmita et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was funded by Taiwan Centers for Disease Control through new southbound policy on dengue fever prevention and cooperation program, award number: YH107014 via WCT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The ovitrap surveillance system is an alternative for long-term vector surveillance to provide insight regarding population dynamics and the spatiotemporal distribution of mosquito vectors for improving dengue prevention and control programs. Ovitrap, an inexpensive, easy-to-use, and effective tool for monitoring dengue vectors [5], has been used for routine surveillance for dengue in Hong Kong [12], Singapore [13], Taiwan [14], and Australia [15]. Ovitrap surveying is preferable to larval surveys because it is an active surveillance method that detects not only immature mosquitoes but also eggs laid by gravid mosquitoes [16,17]. Manica et al. [18] estimated that for every five eggs in an ovitrap, one person gets bitten by a female Aedes. In southern Taiwan, >3000 ovitraps were set annually at public and residential areas in Tainan City and Kaohsiung City. Entomological data derived from ovitrap surveillance provide a benchmark for mobilizing environmental clean-ups and reducing mosquito breeding sites; if an ovitrap contains >500 eggs or the ovitrap index (OI) is >60%, environmental clean-up is essential. The surveillance system has been effective in curbing outbreaks in Taiwan [19,20]. However, using ovitrap data has several limitations. Wijegunawardana et al. [17] argued that the estimation obtained through ovitrap surveys may not accurately reflect gravid mosquito abundance when natural or artificial breeding sites in a given area are abundant. Not all gravid mosquitoes may oviposit their eggs in an oviposition site but may deposit them in other water-holding containers. This may result in female abundance underestimation. The number of eggs deposited in ovitraps does not necessarily represent the abundance of biting female mosquitoes [21]. OI alone may not be suitable for predicting dengue outbreaks, and environment, mosquito biology, and the socioeconomic status of local residents should be considered [19,22,23].
In this study, we conducted ovitrap surveillance on a weekly basis for 14 months. A series of indices based on this surveillance, namely the positive house index (PHI; the proportion of houses with positive ovitraps), OI (the proportion of ovitraps containing Aedes egg or immature mosquitoes), and ovitrap density index (ODI; the average number of Aedes eggs per positive ovitrap), were generated to correlate with environmental variables, housing type, ovitrap placement location, and local dengue cases. In particular, our goal was to address whether (1) vector indices differ between ovitrap placement locations (i.e., indoor vs. outdoor and terraced vs. high-density housing) in dry and wet seasons, (2) vector indices differ between households and public places in dry and wet seasons, (3) vector indices covary with the number of dengue cases at the study site, and (4) environmental data at the weekly lag period could be used to predict vector indices of households and public areas. On the basis of outcomes, we aimed to formulate an effective vector surveillance system to improve the data collection efficiency.
The surveillance protocol was approved by the Bandung City government through the Agency of National Unity and Politics (Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik) as registered in NOMOR: 070/2196/XII-2019/BKBP. Verbal informed consent was obtained from the household heads of all households agreeing to participate in entomological and ovitrap surveys.
Solid black circles indicate ovitraps installed at households, whereas solid green circles indicate ovitraps installed at public places. (A) Ovitrap with its oviposition substratum. Ovitrap placement at a (B) public place and (C) household. (D) Household arrangement, with a road separating blocks in (E) terraced housing and (F) high-density housing.
Ovitrap surveys were conducted at terraced and high-density housing areas on a weekly basis from September 2018 to October 2019 (60 weeks). An ovitrap consists of a black plastic container (diameter: 10.6 cm; height: 13.5 cm) with an aperture (diameter: 4 cm) at the center of the lid. The inner walls of ovitraps were lined with two kitchen towels (24 cm 11.5 cm; Tessa Soft Hand Towel THSN-001, Bekasi, Indonesia), with two-thirds of the ovitrap filled with water as a female Aedes oviposition site (Fig 1A). For household placement of ovitraps, an outdoor ovitrap was installed in a shady corner of a veranda, and two indoor ovitraps were installed in a bathroom/kitchen (wet area) and living room/bedroom (dry area). Thus, 96 and 114 ovitraps were installed at 32 terraced houses and 38 high-density houses, respectively. Indices derived from 10 public places, including schools, mosques, and public parks, were compared with indices derived from households. Three ovitraps were installed at each public place. Each ovitrap was assigned a serial number, house address, and Global Positioning System coordinates (Garmin eTrex 30; Garmin, Olathe, KS, USA) to facilitate data collection and management (Fig 1B and 1C).
Three vector indices were used in this study, namely PHI, OI, and ODI. The PHI of households was determined by dividing the number of houses with positive ovitraps by the total number of houses examined, whereas the PHI of public places was calculated by dividing the number of public places with positive ovitraps by the total number of public places examined. The OI was determined by dividing the number of ovitraps containing Aedes egg or immature mosquitoes by the total number of ovitraps observed. The ODI is the average number of Aedes eggs per positive ovitrap.
The percentage abundance of each species was calculated by dividing the total number of specimens by the total number of species. Vector indices were calculated based on the season and ovitrap placements for each week. All analyses were conducted using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) at α = 0.05.
To examine the effect of season, indoor/outdoor ovitrap placement, housing type, household/public location, and their interaction on the presence of a positive ovitrap and positive house, a generalized linear model with logistic distribution was used. Furthermore, to examine the aforementioned effects on the number of eggs in a positive ovitrap, a generalized linear model with a negative binomial distribution was used to correct overdispersion. Indoor/outdoor ovitrap placement was not considered in the determination of positive houses owing to the lack of statistical reasoning. This is because a positive house was determined on the basis of a positive ovitrap being present in a house regardless of its placement indoors or outdoors. To address whether the OI and ODI of indoor ovitraps covary with those of outdoor ovitraps, the correlation between the two was investigated through regression analysis. In addition, a regression analysis was used to examine how the vector indices of household ovitraps are associated with those of public areas at varying lag periods.
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