Thanks for responding. I fixed my problem, though I do not understand how what I did fixed it.
Apparently whoever migrated the Trac instance did not ever complete a "deploy" command, or they did it incorrectly. They did everything else (upgrade, wiki upgrade, repository sync), but not a deploy.
After I ran deploy, all the missing changesets appeared in the repo browser in Trac. If you have an idea why that might be, I'd appreciate the feedback. Otherwise I'm just happy that it's working.
FWIW, this is Trac 1.2.3 (I think, that's from memory). Since you took the time to attempt to answer my questions, I'll also answer yours :)
All changesets since the upgrade were reported as missing. Users continued to use svn-native tools to commit changes to the repo; those did not appear in the browser -- though they did in the database. All the "old" changesets were correctly reported in the browser.
Thanks again for your time.