Charm Phát Sáng
Mallory Chowansky
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southerncharmquilts Today is the final day to pre-order the Some Place I finished her!!!!! ? This is the single-star Here's a little look at my new label design for th I haven't had my @arrowsewing sewing cabinet in it Just a little work on my third #honeypiequilt (thi Forget Me Not fabrics are now in stock and availab Freshly quilted and returned from @thirdstorythrea All the new wide-back fabrics are currently in sto
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In 1964, James Bjorken and Sheldon Glashow theorized on the charm quark, and in 1970, Glashow, John Iliopoulos, also theorized on by others.[1][2][3] In 1974, it was separately discovered through the J/psi meson at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. In the next few years, several charmed particles, including the D meson and the charmed strange mesons, were found.
In the 21st century, a baryon containing two charmed quarks has been found. There is recent evidence intrinsic charm quarks exist in the proton, and the coupling of the charm quark and the Higgs boson has been studied. Recent evidence also indicates CP violation in the decay of the D0 meson, which contains the charm quark.
According to Sheldon Glashow, the charm quark received its name because of the "symmetry it brought to the subnuclear world".[4][5] Glashow also justified the name as "a magical device to avert evil" because adding the charm quark would prohibit unwanted and unseen decays in the three-quark theory at the time.[4] The charm quark is also called the "charmed quark" in both academic and non-academic contexts.[6][7][8] The symbol of the charm quark is "c".[9]
In 1961, Murray Gell-Mann introduced the Eightfold Way as a pattern to group baryons and mesons.[10] In 1964, Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently proposed all hadrons are composed of elementary constituents, which Gell-Mann called "quarks".[11] Initially, only the up quark, the down quark, and the strange quark were proposed.[12] These quarks would produce all of the particles in the Eightfold Way.[13] Gell-Mann and Kazuhiko Nishijima established strangeness, a quantum number, in 1953 to describe processes involving strange particles such as
Σ
and
Λ
.[14]
At the Conference on Experimental Meson Spectroscopy (EMS) in April 1974, Glashow delivered his paper titled "Charm: An Invention Awaits Discovery". Glashow asserted because neutral currents were likely to exist, a fourth quark was "sorely needed" to explain the rarity of the decays of certain kaons.[21] He also made several predictions on the properties of charm quarks.[22] He wagered, by the next EMS conference in 1976:
I have won already several bottles of wine by betting for the neutral currents and I am ready to bet now a whole case that if the weak interaction sessions of this Conference were dominated by the discovery of the neutral currents, the entire next Conference will be dominated by the discovery of the charmed particles.[24]
Applying an argument of naturalness to the kaon mass splitting between the K0
L and K0
S states, the mass of the charm quark was estimated by Mary K. Gaillard and Benjamin W. Lee in 1974 to be less than 5 GeV/c2.[25][26]
Glashow predicted the down quark of a proton could absorb a
W+
and become a charm quark. Then, the proton would be transformed into a charmed baryon before it decays into several particles, including a lambda baryon. In late May 1974, Robert Palmer and Nicholas P. Samios found an event generating a lambda baryon from their bubble chamber at Brookhaven National Laboratory.[27] It took months for Palmer to be convinced the lambda baryon came from a charmed particle.[28] The magnet of the bubble chamber failed in October 1974 and they did not encounter the same event.[21] The two scientists published their observations in early 1975.[29][30] Michael Riordan commented that this event was "ambiguous" and "encouraging but not convincing evidence".[31]
Eventually, on 2 December 1974, Physical Review Letters (PRL) published the discovery papers of J and psi, by Ting[46] and Richter[47] respectively.[45] The discovery of the psi-prime was published the following week.[45] Then, on 6 January 1975, PRL published nine theoretical papers on the J/psi particle; according to Michael Riordan, five of them "promoted the charm hypothesis and its variations".[30] In 1976, Ting and Richter shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery "of a heavy elementary particle of the new kind".[48]
In August 1976, in The New York Times, Glashow recalled his wager and commented, "John [Iliopoulos]'s wine and my hat had been saved in the nick of time".[4] At the next EMS conference, spectroscopists ate Mexican candy hats supplied by the organizers.[49][50] Frank Close wrote a Nature article titled "Iliopoulos won his bet" in the same year, saying the 18th ICHEP was "indeed dominated by that very discovery".[20] No-one paid off their bets to Iliopoulos.[51][38]
On 3 May 1976 at SLAC, Gerson Goldhaber and Franois Pierre identified a 1.87 GeV/c2 peak, which suggested the presence of a neutral charmed D meson according to Glashow's prediction. On 5 May, Goldhaber and Pierre published a joint memorandum about their discovery of the "naked charm".[55] By the time of the 18th International Conference on High Energy Physics, more charmed particles had been discovered. Riordan said "solid evidence for charm surfaced in session after session" at the conference, confirming the existence of the charm quark.[56][57] The charmed strange meson was discovered in 1977.[58][59]
In 2002, the SELEX Collaboration at Fermilab published the first observation of the doubly charmed baryon
Ξ+
cc ("double charmed xi+").[60] It is a three-quark particle containing two charm quarks. The team found doubly charmed baryons with an up quark are more massive and has a higher rate of production than those with a down quark.[61]
In 2007, the BaBar and Belle collaborations each reported evidence for the mixing of two neutral charmed mesons,
D0
and
D0
.[62][63][64] The evidence confirmed the mixing rate is small, as is predicted by the standard model.[65] Neither studies found evidence for CP violation between the decays of the two charmed particles.[62][63]
Welcome to our CUSTOM CHARM BUILDER! Each necklace comes with a pendant and your choice of 8 or 6 charms. After selecting a charm, hit "next step" to move to your next charm selection. If you need to make changes, hit "previous step."
PROCESSING TIME: Please understand the nature of our small business and allow us up to 3-4 weeks to hand-make your piece. In many cases, it will ship within 2 weeks. Due to demand surges, production time may increase.
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