Scientific Review Raises the Question - Why Would Graphene Oxide NOT be an ingredient in mRNA Covid-19 injections?
Harold Saive
Scientific Review Raises the Question - Why Would Graphene Oxide NOT be an ingredient in mRNA Covid-19 injections?
Graphene Oxide damage to the lungs can present
as symptoms of COVID-19 as fully Vaxxed are admitted with what
is reported to be "breakthrough" cases.
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(2018) Graphene oxide touches blood: in vivo
interactions of bio-coronated 2D materials
(1) "Many studies confirmed that the primary site of GO
accumulation and toxicity in vivo is the lungs" (97)
(2) "The kidneys and lungs were more
damaged by l-GO, while the s-GO preferentially accumulated in
the liver with toxic effects."
(3) "Size regulates distribution, and particles
with size smaller than capillaries are phagocytized mainly in
the liver, spleen and bone marrow; conversely, large
particles are trapped in the lungs."(44)
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(2018) Graphene oxide touches blood: in vivo
interactions of bio-coronated 2D materials
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2018/nh/c8nh00318a
Abstract
Graphene oxide is the hot topic in biomedical and
pharmaceutical research of the current decade. However, its
complex interactions with human blood components complicate the
transition from the promising in vitro results to clinical
settings. Even though graphene oxide is made with the same atoms
as our organs, tissues and cells, its bi-dimensional nature
causes unique interactions with blood proteins and biological
membranes and can lead to severe effects like thrombogenicity
and immune cell activation.
In this review, we will describe the journey of
graphene oxide after injection into the bloodstream, from the
initial interactions with plasma proteins to the formation
of the “biomolecular corona”, and biodistribution.
We will consider the link between the chemical
properties of graphene oxide (and its functionalized/reduced
derivatives), protein binding and in vivo response. We will also
summarize data on biodistribution and toxicity in view of the
current knowledge of the influence of the biomolecular corona
on these processes.
Our aim is to shed light on the unsolved
problems regarding the graphene oxide corona to build the
groundwork for the future development of drug delivery
technology.
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BIOMETRICAL CORONA (BC)
"The proteins in the bloodstream cause an immediate and dramatic
change in the biological “identity” of nanomaterials. The result
is the development of a new interface, consisting of a dynamic
shell of blood macromolecules. This layer, given the protein
enrichment, is usually referred to as the protein corona or the
biomolecular corona (BC).7 The BC determines the interactions
with cells, uptake and clearance and therefore affects the
biodistribution and delivery to the intended target sites.8"
"Thrombogenicity is an important feature evaluated in
nanomaterial design for in vivo delivery and represents the
propensity to induce blood clotting and induce occlusion of a
blood vessel by a thrombus.8
Nanoparticle thrombogenic properties are largely determined by
physicochemical properties and by interaction and modulation of
the activity of various components of the coagulation system
such as platelets and plasma coagulation factors.76 Furthermore,
nanoparticles engineered to have longer systemic circulation
times increase the likelihood of contact with blood components
including the coagulation system, with thrombogenicity risks.8"
5. Effects of bio-coronated GO materials on blood
components
BC composition directly influences interactions
with other blood components (Fig. 3-2). For example, the
presence of antibodies, complement and clotting factors in the
nanoparticle BC may activate clotting and coagulation
cascades. Further, the BC coating can promote phagocytosis
and elimination from the circulation.41
We will first consider data on the GO interaction with the
red blood cells (RBCs), given in Table 3. An
intravenously injected nanomaterial is likely to interact first
with RBCs rather than other cells, due to their abundance in
blood. Hemolysis represents the damage to RBCs that
leads to the leakage of hemoglobin into the bloodstream. After
hemolysis, the nanomaterial may adsorb released hemoglobin
and/or adhere to cell debris, which can increase its likelihood
of elimination by macrophages.8 Although the literature is
contradictory regarding GO effects on RBC, when BC is introduced
into the framework the results become clearer. Due to the
sharp edges of GO and rGO, hemolytic effects might be expected
in vivo, possibly caused by nanomaterial blades
disrupting cell membranes, as reported for GO interactions
with bacteria.19
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