Grand Test In Urdu
Desiderato Chouinard
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Background: Neuropsychological impairment can be associated with epilepsy and its different types. The present study investigated gender differences in neuropsychological functions in epileptic patients. It was hypothesized that neuropsychological functioning will be different in male as compared to female epileptic patients. It was also hypothesized that there are significant gender differences among male and female epileptic patients in depression, somatic complaints, memory, communication, aggression and motor impairment. In addition it was hypothesized that neuropsychological functioning among patients diagnosed with different types of epilepsy; grand mal, petit mal, complex partial and generalized tonic clonic will be different.
Method: A sample of 60 patients was recruited from different hospitals situated in the city of Lahore through purposive sampling technique. To assess neuropsychological functions, Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory (NFI) was used. NFI was translated and back translated through the process of validation and final version of the scale in Urdu was obtained for use in the study. ANOVA and Student's t-test were employed to infer the proposed hypotheses.
Result: There is significant difference in neuropsychological functioning between male and female epileptic patients on only somatic complaints. Females were found to reveal greater somatic complaints compared to their male counterparts. There are significant differences in neuropsychological functioning among patients diagnosed with different types of epilepsy.
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A-Whether humans are the masters of their own destiny i.e, either is it in the control of an individual to become what he wants to and achieve any goal set for himself or herself through sincere efforts, hard work, proper planning and correct strategy?
A as above is the thinking of progressive, educated, intellectuals who have succeeded in life and they claim it to be the result of their efforts, hard work planning and correct strategy. Lot of motivational literature revolves around this premise and everyday some new methods and techniques are evolved to achieve the goals you set for yourself. It is couple of billion dollars industry developing the recipes and techniques to improve your present status and to advance in life to achieve what you want to achieve and sometimes they prove to be right.
While B is the theory supported and argued by religious, spiritual and somewhat old fashioned people. In support of this theory there is the wisdom and experience of thousands of years and a whole history of the world where nobodies turned the tide of history just by some miracle or by simply putting the faith in the UNKNOWN power WHO eventually propelled the ordinary, down trodden, ignored person to the highest mantle of power. The existence of HIDDEN hand is also experienced more than once in our daily lives.
In my opinion the above two/three theories to achieve success may be correct but there is also a middle course between the idea of having a total control of the destiny by the individuals and no control at all.
Everyone is the witness of the fact that life provides the alternatives on every small and big matter and gives a fair chance to choose the path of our choice. The choice we make is purely our own decision based on our free will. Based on that choice Nature gives all the help and support provided our intentions are clear and unambiguous. Once the choice is made and intention is clear it becomes the responsibility of the individual to suffer the consequences for a bad choice or reap the fruits of the right one.
I am an ordinary individual who can neither claim to be intellectual nor a spiritual or highly religious figure but when I view my personal life and test them on these theories I find a very undisputable evidence that whatever I could accomplish though according to me was due to my sincere efforts, hard work and my sincere desire but some where there was an overt or covert unexplainable support from some mysterious source.
All my life I embarked upon the projects which were either beyond my reach or beyond my means, and I always aimed and desired higher than my reach but once I made up my mind unexpectedly something happened and it became possible for me to achieve what under normal circumstances looked unachievable.
After retirement when I have the time and far sight to look back and reflect on the important events and prominent milestones in my life I am sometimes astonished to see an uncanny pattern of help from the most unexpected source which was not there at all in my planning or possibilities to get the help from.
I was born in a family with very moderate means and at the age of around four I lost my father, the only family supporter, and my mother was left with three teen age daughters and a baby boy and with hardly any material support and no special skills.
She had to make a very crucial choice just after the death of my father whether to stay in her ancestral village where she had the whole family i.e, mother brothers, sister, but no school, hospital or even the railway station or to come back to the house built by my father in a city with relatively better facilities of health, education and social life. If she had stayed in the village she was sure to have 3 times meal and perhaps some material and lot of social support to raise her children, but she had to sacrifice the chance of educating her children and giving them the chance to advance and compete in life.
In between the period from the death of my father and my migration to Pakistan, the period of about 14 years was full of all sorts of financial, social and physical challenges which now when I think seem to be a fantasy and a nightmare e.g. going to the university with Rupees 500 which my mother had given me by selling her last piece of gold jewelry and telling me not to expect a penny more as it was our total leftover wealth of the family. These IRs 500 put me on my journey of university education for four years completing my Bachelor & Master of Commerce. The minimum monthly expenditure of a normal student used to be IRs. 100 per month in those days and the major portion of the initial capital of IRs. 500 were spent in the admission fee and few deposits leaving my survival funds of less than IRs. 200.
It was not my personal charms alone but lot of unexpected help from unknown quarters and giving tuitions to the students of either of my own class and one of my higher classes which helped me to complete my four years of university studies.
I worked like horse ran around the university on my two legs for 4 to 5 hours a day and studied till my body and eyes used to have no strength left. I can honestly and with all sincerity say that this period gave me the moral strength, courage and confidence to take on the world, which is lasting me to-date.
Coming to Karachi was a very traumatic experience for me. I had no idea of using the public transport and had no experience of working even for a day after completing my education. I was terrified of speaking English crossing a busy road and attending an interview.
I had only a vague idea that Pakistan International Airlines is a big organization and I was hoping to get some reasonable job in this organization. When I discussed my idea with my brother in law he discouraged me badly and pointed out that firstly it was very difficult to enter in such a prestigious organization without any experience or some extra ordinary caliber, which I had none and secondly if by any chance I land a job against all these odds it will be an entry level job in some department and I will be stuck in the job to retire hardly as a senior clerk at age 55 having no money no future for self or for any dependent(s) if by chance I had some.
The picture he painted was so horrible that I felt like going back to India straight away and start working in the fields with my uncles or join my city school as a teacher on a monthly salary of IRs. 150. PM, This Salary was on paper, while actual payment ranged between IRs 75 to 90 PM and that too for only nine months in a year. I had very closely seen the conditions of the teachers of the school where each one used to come to school on very old bicycles or on foot and used to wear one pair of pants for one week and most of them had one sweater or a coat or one sweater and a coat for entire winter season.
After painting this horrible picture, my brother in law suggested that if I am serious to have secure and comfortable future I should spend couple of more years in training and qualify as a Chartered Accountant which will guarantee a high income and prestigious job as a financial professional.
I had no idea what a Chartered Accountancy is all about. My total knowledge about CA was that in 9th grade when we had selected commerce as our major all the students who had selected Science as their major used to tease us that we have no future except to be accountant on some grocery shop.
As it had to happen I got hooked on this idea and after couple of days asking from people I found one cousin of my brother in laws colleague who was a senior in one of the BIG FIVE (Which now have shrunk to three I suppose) and on his recommendation I was admitted as Audit Clerk in one of the prestigious company named Ford Rohds Marro & Co.
As soon I joined this firm, from the second day I realized it to be the biggest blunder of my life, because the whole staff starting from Partners to junior were very proficient in English and I could not speak two sentences without stuttering and having sweaty palms and near nervous breakdown. Soon I became the laughing stock and a victim of all sorts of insults including questioning the authenticity of my qualifications.
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