LAKELAND The movie "Selma" has sparked memories for some Polk County residents who watched on TV as the actual events of "Bloody Sunday" unfolded on March 7, 1965, and who had their own experiences in the struggle for civil rights.
"I was 15 then," said Doris Moore Bailey of Lakeland and founder of the Bailey Group, a consulting firm. "I watched the bit of news on the television back then. It was a scary and painful time, and the movie brought it all back.
"You saw part of it (the events at the time), but you didn't see anything like what the movie showed," she said, including representations of a church bombing two years before that killed four black girls and the brutal beatings that sent 55 of the 600 Selma, Ala., marchers to the hospital.
On March 9, 1965, 3,000 marchers walked through Selma a second time and stopped to kneel and pray at the Edmund Pettus Bridge, where Bloody Sunday had taken place, then returned to the city without going on to Montgomery.
On March 21, after Lyndon Johnson sent 2,000 Army troops and FBI agents and federalized the Alabama National Guard to give protection along the route, people marched again, this time making it to Montgomery. In the months that followed, black voters' rights were enforced throughout the nation, and "white only" signs began to come down.
"Alabama is a good state, but you had the likes of (former Gov.) George Wallace," said Moore, who was born in Alabama, but grew up in Lakeland. "I have cousins in Selma and family in Birmingham. The last time I was there for a family reunion, we went to the 16th Street Baptist Church (site of the deadly bomb blast)."
Three years after the Selma march, Moore's government teacher at Lakeland's then-segregated Rochelle High School was Robert Harris, who had been an Army officer during the march. He almost resigned his commission because of it.
Harris grew up in Lakeland and had also gone to Rochelle. In his senior year at Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University in Tallahassee, he was president of the college chapter of the NAACP. He became friends with John Lewis, now a Georgia congressman, who was president of the Students Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and who was beaten during the Selma march.
"I had been an intern at the Labor Department in Washington in 1963 when the March on Washington took place. We came away thinking this was the biggie, and discrimination and segregation would disappear. It didn't," Harris said.
"So, here I was, an officer in the U.S. Army, pledged to honor and defend my country at all cost in 1965, and state troopers were committing all this brutality to people whose only crime was their color. I had friends in the march. And it wasn't black against white. A white housewife who came from Michigan volunteering to drive marchers to Selma was shot and killed."
"I don't think I am ready. I don't think I can go to the theater. I want to see it, but I will wait until it is on a premium channel in my home. I can't right now," he said, remembering close friends who were brutalized in the march.
"I would say to young black men: Know your history, Selma and all before. Then pull up your pants, go to church and get as much education as you possibly can. I am concerned for young black men of today who don't know what happened back then," said Wilcox, 75, who lives in Haines City.
On March 8, 1965, and for years afterward, Wilcox said he was asked by his students why such things as the Selma march happened, and he replied with the nonviolent philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr.
Allison Brown of Winter Haven said he was not surprised by the events in Selma when they happened. He was saddened but not surprised because such incidents had been going on for years in the Jim Crow South, and he was even in one.
"When I was in college in Talladega in 1960, we had a student who was beaten up because he sat in the white waiting section of the railroad station. We held a demonstration to protest it, and we had the same thing happen to us," said the 74-year-old Winter Haven native.
"The military was a bastion for racists. You just were not allowed to show it. I was court-martialed (and exonerated) twice because I got into disturbances with a white enlisted man. I was in the Air Force to change things," he said.
The narrator of the short film, writer Juan Bautista Yofre, states that the story, as it is remembered, was designed in response to the economic interests of human rights organisations and the democratic governments that followed the dictatorship.
"Clearly there is a morbid curiosity about this date because it seems that the whole of the left will lose their lives if on March 24 they don't manage to get their message heard, which has been uninterrupted for 40 years," said Villarruel in an interview broadcast on Thursday on the TN news channel.
Former guerrilla fighter Luis Labraa, who was kidnapped by the military government, claims in the government video that the estimated number of people who were disappeared during the dictatorship was a lie created to win funding. "Thirty-thousand [disappeared] was false, I put the number there myself," he says in the video.
During his presidential campaign, Milei had said that in the 1970s there was "a war" in which "excesses" were committed, an argument that for many relativises the existence of a systematic plan to eliminate opponents that has been proven in hundreds of trials, in which more than 1,000 military personnel have been convicted of crimes against humanity.
"It is necessary in this context, with all the violence being exercised by the current government, that people accompany these Madres and Abuelas who fought in their time. Today more than ever, we need to remember and take to the streets", said Mariana Gianni, a 31-year-old communicator, at the march.
Last week, Teresa Laborde Calvo, the daughter of a witness in the famous Trial of the Juntas, denounced receiving repeated threats. The Editorial Marea publishing house, which specialises in human rights, also said it had received a wave of "hate attacks on social networks." President of the Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo Estela Barnes de Carlotto also said in a radio interview that her phone had been tapped.
Memory Stone is a film installation exploring dreams and displacement within the context of the British countryside, accompanied by a visceral soundscape by composer Babak Mirsalari. The work follows a rambler wandering rural Calderdale; a curious otherworldly structure unearths memories that were removed from their consciousness. An ancient dream or a misplaced history, perhaps belonging to their non-existent alien ancestors.
At the end of the march, Rustin read a list of demands, including for effective civil rights legislation. But who remembers? Today, it's as if his name has been erased. "Everybody needs to know who this man is," said director George C. Wolfe. "He should be taught in every school."
Wolfe is director of the new film "Rustin." In theaters this week, and on Netflix November 17, the film stars Colman Domingo as Bayard Rustin, and tells the story behind the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
Wolfe described Rustin as "an American hero, who not only contributed heavily to one of the most significant peaceful demonstrations that has ever happened in this country, but a man who also wrote the book on how to stage such an event."
Obama, who was an organizer before he was a politician, said, "To see somebody who could bring the kind of strategic sense that helped to organize some of the seminal moments in the early civil rights movement, to learn about someone like that, did inspire me. Now I have to make a very clear caveat here: I never was able to organize as good as he organized! But it did get me thinking about my own role as somebody who could maybe work at a grassroots level and change the country from the bottom up."
Working out of a Harlem brownstone called the Utopia Neighborhood Club House, Rustin and a small staff pulled the march together in less than two months. Eleanor Holmes Norton (then a student at Yale Law School, now Washington, D.C.'s delegate in Congress) was tasked with finding buses to bring people to the march.
"Bayard was the real general here, and he acted like a general, telling us all what to do and when to do it and how to do it," Norton said. "You needed an organizer, but you needed somebody with charisma to make you want to follow him. That was his gift."
Asked to describe the day of the march, Norton replied, "It was the most gratifying day I can ever remember. Without him, there wouldn't have been the march. Without the march, there wouldn't have been the movement. Without the movement, you wouldn't have had the '64 Civil Rights Act, the '65 Voting Rights Act."
According to Walter Naegle, "Bayard was one of these people that had a lot of baggage. He was a member of the Young Communist League when he was young. He was a pacifist during World War II, went to jail. And he was a gay man."
Naegle was his partner for ten years, before Rustin's death in 1987 at age 75. "Being gay was kind of like the nail in the coffin," Naegle said. "So, I think it had a tremendous impact on his ability to rise within the movements where he worked."
The man who convinced Martin Luther King to embrace non-violence as a tactic was ultimately fired by his close friend. Michael Long, who has written extensively about Rustin, said, "The great civil rights leader of the U.S. panics. This is a homophobic society, we have to remember, that King is living in, and he fears blowback on the movement, on the civil rights movement. He fears blowback on himself."
Rustin's pacifism and interest in non-violence came primarily from his grandmother, Julia Rustin, a Quaker in West Chester, Pa., who raised him. Long said, "When somebody asked him why he did what he did, he would often say, 'Because I'm a Quaker. Because I believe in equality, human dignity, the unity of the human family, and peace.'"
After the March on Washington, Rustin made the case that activists should move from street protests to the corridors of power and practice politics. But the movement didn't necessarily see eye-to-eye with him on that strategy. He was opposed to the Black Power movement, and even Black Studies programs, arguing they further isolated Black people.
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