特好消息! 新冠疫情再見了
Pao Tsiang
美國即將有「治療新冠病毒的口服液」。 患有新冠狀病毒者在家口服該藥5天，體內徹底清除了新冠狀病毒，患者徹底康復。
該葯譯名為「莫那皮納偉」(Monapinavir)，由美「瑞吉貝爾」(Ridgeback) 和美國「默克」(Merck) 兩大藥廠聯合研製，已經在人體成功完成第一期和第二期臨床試驗，效果100%; 目前第三期臨床試驗接近收尾，效果非常好。 如果順利的話，在4~5個月內就可以面市。 該藥患者在家裡可以自己口服，5天痊癒，使用非常方便。 以後治新冠病毒就像現在治療普通感冒一樣。 新冠狀病毒就不可怕了。
該藥起初是針對流感病毒研製的。 它是化合物，原理是阻止病毒ia酶，也就是阻止病毒本身複製，從而根本上很快消滅病毒。 現在抗新冠病毒疫苗的原理是針對新冠病毒的凸緣，從而阻止新冠狀病毒和人體細胞結合。 這兩者的原理是不同的。
去年3~4月荷蘭和挪威養貂場發生貂患新冠狀病毒，導致貂百萬計的大規模死亡。 養貂場用"莫那皮納偉"喂貂，結果發現24小時後患病的貂內沒有新冠狀病毒了，養貂場很快終止了新冠狀病毒的傳播。 然後二大藥廠就在人體上進行第一期臨床試驗，成功後進行第二期，第三期臨床試驗，迄今為止即將正式上市了。
總之，這是科學界，特別是醫藥界的偉大成就。 也許它會繼安定，阿司匹林和青黴素，阿平為四大經典藥物。
Great News!!! Covid-19 Bye Bye
The United States will soon have an"oral solution for the treatment of the new coronavirus( Covid-19)."
People suffering from the new coronavirus took the drug at home for 5days, the new coronavirus was completely cleared from the body and the patientfully recovered.
The drug is translated as"Molnupiravir" and is jointly developed by the two majorpharmaceutical companies "Rridgeback" in Florida "Merck" in the United States. It has successfully completed thefirst and second phase clinical trials in humans with 100% effect; Currently, the third phase of clinicaltrials is nearing the end and the effect is very good. If it goes well, it will be available in themarket within 4 to 5 months. The patientcan take this medicine by himself at home and heal in 5 days, which is veryconvenient to use. Treating the newcoronavirus in the future is like treating the common cold now. The coronavirus is not terrible anymore.
The drug was originallydeveloped against influenza viruses. Itis a compound, the principle is to prevent the virus via the enzyme, that is, toprevent the virus itself from replicating, so as to eliminate the virusquickly. The principle of the currentanti-coronavirus vaccine is to target the flange of the new coronavirus,thereby preventing the combination of the new coronavirus and human cells. The principles of the two are different.
From March to April last year,a new coronavirus occurred in mink farms in the Netherlandsand Norway,resulting in the massive deaths of millions of minks. The mink farm fed the mink with"Monapinavir" and found that there was no new coronavirus in the sickmink 24 hours later. The mink farm quickly stopped the spread of the newcoronavirus. Then the two major pharmaceuticalcompanies will carry out the first phase of clinical trials on humans. Aftersuccess, they will conduct the second and third phases of clinical trials. Sofar, they will be officially launched.
In short, this is a greatachievement for the scientific community, especially the medicalcommunity. Maybe it will follow Valium,aspirin, and penicillin as the four classic drugs.
E Zau
Molnupiravir: A New Hope For Prevention And Treatment Of Covid-19 And Other Dangerous Viruses
SOPA IMAGES/LIGHTROCKET VIA GETTY IMAGES
A new Covid-19 therapy has completed its phase two human trial and the results are promising. Molnupiravir, developed by Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP and Merck & Co., reached its endpoint objective of reducing the length of Covid-19 infections, according to a Merck press release. This endpoint, among others, will be examined in greater depth upon the full data release from the trial.
Respiratory viruses like influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and now Covid-19 are uniquely challenging to treat once symptoms arise. Because infections and symptoms for respiratory viruses are typically short-lived, the immune system quickly engages in viral replication suppression. Common form antivirals like Tamiflu and Xofluza for the flu, and now Remdesivir and monoclonal antibodies for Covid-19 must be administered within the first few days of infection to reduce symptom severity and infection duration.
For respiratory antivirals, their ideal use is for those recently exposed to viruses from family members or workplaces. Following known exposure, Influenza A antiviral Xofluza reduced transmission by 80% in a close-quarter family context. For Covid-19, monoclonal antibodies have been shown to achieve similar close-quarter transmission effectiveness, but they have a catch. Unlike Xofluza, monoclonal antibodies require infusion outside the home. Xofluza and antivirals like it are pill-based, capable of home-use, and can be ingested quickly after exposure. This new drug, Molnupiravir, may be a Xofluza-like alternative for Covid-19, which could be a powerful addition to our armamentarium, in addition to vaccines, especially for variants that seem to escape vaccines.
Molnupiravir was first developed as preventative medicine and treatment for SARS-CoV and MERS in the early 2000s. The drug has been previously shown to work against many viruses that employ an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which SARS-CoV-2 also has. The polymerase is the enzyme that copies the genetic material of the virus into new genetic material and produces the messenger RNAs that direct the production of all the viral proteins. Molnupiravir is a shape-shifter, called a tautomer. It assumes two forms, one which closely resembles uracil and the other cytosine.
Because it appears in these two different forms, once it is recopied, the replicating polymerase develops transition mutations, where a U nucleotide is converted to a C and a C to U. Copying RNA that contains Molnupiravir results in fatal flaws in the sequence, stopping replication, shortening infection, and limiting transmission. The figure below shows the replication process, and the red box indicates the polymerase mechanism with which Molnupiravir incorporates. The difference between the structure of an authentic nucleotide and Molnupiravir is apparently too subtle to trigger removal by the exonuclease repair function of the viral polymerase, a function that has bedeviled these of many other nucleoside inhibitors.
Early studies on Molnupiravir on SARS-CoV-2 in vitro indicated a logarithmic drop in virus production dependent on the dose of Molnupiravir introduced. This was possible because the RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which the drug was initially intended to treat, have 99.1% nucleotide similarity. Whole-genome deep-sequencing showed dose-dependent accumulation of random low-frequency mutations. Repeat exposure of virus populations to the drug was rapidly sterilizing, confirming that none of the random mutations mediate resistance to the drug. In the figures below, titer levels and genome production of SARS-CoV-2 decrease as the drug is introduced in higher volumes. At the time of the early study, mouse models and human testing were not yet available for Molnupiravir, but human trials began in June 2020.
SHEAHAN ET AL. // UNC CHAPEL HILL
As detailed in a press release by Merck & Co, the preliminary results of these trials are promising. The trial was comprised of non-hospitalized adults who had symptoms of Covid-19 within seven days and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The released details indicate that Molnupiravir in its full dosage prompts a reduction in days to negativity for the virus in nasopharyngeal swabs taken from participants with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Five days after dose administration, 0% of those who received the dose were positive for the virus (0/47) compared with 24% of the placebo group (6/25). While details and study size is limited, a measurable drop in infection length is significant, as shorter infections may yield a smaller chance of transmission or severe symptoms.
The Merck press release follows a detailed study of this polymerase inhibitor in ferrets, given that ferrets and related members of the weasel genus can transmit viruses asymptomatically, resembling the human spread of viruses. Researchers found that this drug not only prevents close-quarter animal groupings from becoming as sick but the drug also reduces transmission of the virus. The figure below demonstrates the ferret study duration and test grouping. These results may very well be replicated in human trials when that data is released in the coming weeks.
Ferret Molnupiravir treatment schedule
COX ET AL.
The positive results of Molnupiravir represent an emerging hope for more Covid-19 therapies to come. Its oral administration indicates a potential drug that could come before hospitalization and perhaps even prevent severe symptoms. Were a pill-based treatment for Covid-19 available, many lives would be easily saved and many hospital beds could be opened for those who need them.
In addition to its reduction of Covid-19 transmission, Molnupiravir is likely to be useful against influenza, ebola, and a large swath of other viruses as well. Its development appears to be a major advancement in virus control and should be active against Covid-19 variants and variants of other viruses. However, we caution Molnupiravir should be administered in conjunction with other therapies to avoid viruses rapidly developing resistance, which all these viruses are well-equipped to do.
Though, as these results are preliminary, we eagerly await the full release of the phase two data and the drug’s eventual full trial outcomes. This could be a real winner.
I am a scientist, businessman, author, and philanthropist. For nearly two decades, I was a professor at Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health where I
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