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The following regarding ophthalmology-specific information related to the novel coronavirus, referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),
is provided courtesy of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. The highly contagious virus causes the respiratory disease COVID-19. Updates to this information and additional details regarding background and statistics can be found
here.
The Academy’s web resources related to this ongoing initiative are principally authored by James Chodosh, MD, MPH. Dr. Chodosh is the David G. Cogan Professor of Ophthalmology
at Harvard Medical School’s Department of Ophthalmology, a member of Harvard’s PhD program in virology and a world-recognized cornea and external disease expert. The Academy thanks Dr. Chodosh for making his scientific and clinical expertise available to his
colleagues.
What you need to know
- Several reports suggest the virus can cause conjunctivitis and possibly be transmitted by aerosol contact with conjunctiva.
- Patients who present to ophthalmologists for conjunctivitis who also have fever and respiratory symptoms including cough and shortness of breath, and who have recently traveled internationally, particularly
to areas with known outbreaks (China, Iran, Italy, Japan, and South Korea), or with family members recently back from one of these countries, could represent cases of COVID-19.
- The Academy and federal officials recommend protection for the mouth, nose and eyes when caring for patients potentially infected with SARS-CoV-2.
- The virus that causes COVID-19 is very likely susceptible to the same alcohol- and bleach-based disinfectants that ophthalmologists commonly use to disinfect ophthalmic instruments and office furniture. To
prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the same disinfection
practices already used to prevent office-based spread of other viral pathogens are recommended before and after every patient encounter.
Ophthalmology ties
Two recent reports suggest the virus can cause conjunctivitis. Thus, it is possible that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by aerosol contact with the conjunctiva.
- In a Journal
of Medical Virology study of 30 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in China, 1 had conjunctivitis. That patient—and not the other 29—had SARS-CoV-2 in their ocular secretions. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the conjunctiva and cause conjunctivitis,
and virus particles are present in ocular secretions.
- In this larger study
published in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers documented "conjunctival congestion" in 9 of 1,099 patients (0.8%) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from 30 hospitals across China.
While it appears conjunctivitis is an uncommon event as it relates to COVID-19, other forms of conjunctivitis are common. Affected patients frequently present to eye clinics
or emergency departments. That increases the likelihood ophthalmologists may be the first providers to evaluate patients possibly infected with COVID-19.
Therefore, protecting your
mouth, nose (e.g., an N-95 mask) and eyes (e.g., goggles or shield) is recommended when caring for patients potentially infected with COVID-19. In addition, slit-lamp breath shields (e.g., here) are
helpful for protecting both health care workers and patients from respiratory illness.
Questions you should ask to identify patients with possible exposure to SARS-CoV-2
- Does your patient have fever or respiratory symptoms?
- Has your patient or their family members traveled recently? Red flags include international travel to countries such as China, Iran, Italy, Japan and South Korea, and domestic travel to states with high numbers
of infected patients (e.g., Washington, California, New York)
The CDC is urging health care providers who encounter patients meeting these criteria to immediately notify both infection control personnel at your health
care facility and your
local or
state health department for further investigation of COVID-19.
Recommended protocols when scheduling or seeing patients
- When phoning about visit reminders, ask to reschedule appointments for patients with nonurgent ophthalmic problems who have respiratory illness, fever or returned from a high-risk area within the past 2 weeks.
- Patients who come to an appointment should be asked prior to entering the waiting room about respiratory illness and if they or a family member have traveled to a high-risk area in the past 14 days.
If they answer yes to either question, they should be sent home and told to speak to their primary care physician.
- Keep the waiting room as empty as possible, and reduce the visits of the most vulnerable patients.
- Sick patients who possibly have COVID-19 with an urgent eye condition can be seen, but personal protective equipment should be worn by all who come in contact with the patient. The CDC's
recommendations for personal protective equipment include gloves, gowns, respiratory protection and eye protection. Place a facemask on the patient and isolate them in an examination room with the door closed; use airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIR)
if available.
- Rooms and instruments should be thoroughly disinfected afterward based on
current CDC recommendations specific to COVID-19. Slit lamps, including controls and accompanying
breath shields, should be disinfected after every patient, particularly wherever they put their hands and face.
Resources
WHO
CDC
Relevant articles
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