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MEMORIA de la Costa Rica del Mar del norte [with three other narratives]. Manuscript on paper, written in clear and legible cursive script. 30 lines. 24 pp. Folio (308 x 220 mm.). Stains in lower margins; back margins frayed (texts not affected).
All the above narratives could have been composed at about the same date--some time during the twenty years after da Silva's deposition of 1579 on his voyage with Drake. This time limit is shown by internal evidence which can be deduced from close study of the information recorded in each passage.
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Although there was not much communication between the dominions of Spain in America, these documents cover a wide geographical area. The manuscript must therefore have been written in Spain rather than America; in all likelihood it is a series of direct transcriptions from reports originally composed in the New World. The assembly of the passages in one continuous text suggests that the manuscript was intended to serve as a digest of important information for some dignitary in the Spanish administration, e.g. the President of the Council of the Indies, or one or more royal secretaries, for use at council meetings. The combination of texts, at first sight rather odd, indicates that the subject of such meetings must have been the exclusion of foreigners like Drake from the Pacific coast of Spanish America. Thus No. 1, which describes both coasts of much of Central America, would concern defense against any attempt to cross the continent at its narrowest point, "America being shaped somewhat like an hourglass". 1 Drake had raided extensively in this area in 1572-1573. No. 2 analyzes the wealth and communications of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which had been the main target of Drake's attack. No. 3 contains up-to-date and unpublished first-hand information on the Strait of Magellan, through which Drake had entered the Pacific. No. 4 is a first-hand account of Drake's incursion: moreover, it may be significant that it terminates as soon as its narrative takes Drake well clear of the Strait.
He remained with Drake, sharing all his adventures, until April 13, 1579, when Drake dumped him at the port of Huatulco on the Pacific coast of New Spain. There he was arrested by the Inquisition, taken to Mexico City for trial and for examination by the Viceroy, and rigorously interrogated: he was shipped as a prisoner to Spain, in 1582. 15 The present manuscript is a copy of a deposition made in Mexico City, relating the events of the voyage. It does not contain da Silva's testimony in its entirety, as the story given here ends with Drake's arrival on the coast near Santiago de Chile in December 1578. The termination of the narrative at this point in the present copy is deliberate, since the better part of the last page has been left blank: this much of the story may have been all that was officially required for the purpose for which this document was written.
Hitherto only two texts of this deposition in the original Spanish have been known--one in the Archivo General de Indias, Seville, and one in the Museo Naval (previously the Depsito Hidrogrfico), Madrid, which is almost certainly an eighteenth-century copy of the first. 16 Richard Hakluyt used this text to print an abbreviated version of da Silva's story in English as early as 1600; but this omits portions related in this manuscript. 17
10. Helen M. Wallis, "English enterprise in the region of the Strait of Magellan," in: Merchants and Scholars: essays in the history of exploration and trade collected in memory of John Ford Bell , edited by John Parker (Minneapolis, 1965), p. 202.
TOLEDO, DON FRANCISCO DE, VICEROY OF PERU. Rel[aci]on de la entrada q[ue] hizo por el estrecho el Navio yngles, y de lo q[ue] se previno contra el. 3 leaves. Manuscript on paper. Folio (307 x 220 mm.). Bound in full crimson morocco by Zaehnsdorf. Los Reyes (Lima), 1579.
The original draft of the letter from the Viceroy of Peru to the Governor of the Ro de la Plata (resident at Buenos Aires) recounting Drake's depredations on the Pacific coast of Spanish America during his voyage of circumnavigation and the measures taken there against him. The numerous inter-linear and marginal additions and correction throughout this version of the letter prove that it is the original draft. This piece was probably written from dictation, with the Viceroy indicating additions and cancellations as he went along.
The letter states that a ship belonging to English raiders (in Spanish parlance, corsarios --corsairs) had passed through the Strait of Magellan in 1578 and had plundered a ship laden with gold, in the harbor of Santiago de Chile. Toledo then complains bitterly that the officials at Santiago had taken no steps to warn him, so that when the raiders later arrived on the coast of Peru they were able to capture mother treasure ship. At the time he wrote this letter the Viceroy did not know that the English ship was Drake's Golden Hind.
Here he announces that he is sending an expedition to the Strait to see whether any English garrison had been left there, and to discover a suitable place for a Spanish fort and settlement. He proposes that the expedition pass through the Strait into the Atlantic and spend the winter (July-August, in the southern hemisphere) in the province of the Ro de la Plata or its vicinity. He requests the Governor to assist the two ships of the expedition, to send any dispatches from it to him overland, by way of Tucumn, and to inform him of any other English ships off the coasts of the Ro de la Plata. The letter of which this is the draft was, of course, sent to La Plata by the overland route. Sarmiento de Gamboa is not named here as the commander of the expedition, probably because he had not been selected yet. The expedition encountered many delays during its preparation: and in fact Sarmiento did not receive his official appointment as its commander until October 9, 1579, only three days before it finally sailed. 1
This voyage by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa is important for a number of reasons. It was the second traversal of the Strait of Magellan, but the first in which an accurate survey and a detailed description were made. It led to the first effort to establish a settlement at the southernmost extremity of the American mainland--the ill-fated colonization venture also led by Sarmiento, in 1581-1584. The first west-to-east passage of the Strait of Magellan was that accomplished by Hernn Lamero Gallego de Andrade in 1553--as demonstrated by a newly discovered manuscript in this Collection, described elsewhere. 2 The same pilot, Gallego, navigated for Sarmiento in the expedition envisaged here: in view of the great difficulty of the eastward voyage through the Strait (for reasons ascertained and reasons imagined), it is unlikely that the Viceroy would so readily have taken up the idea of an expedition to reach the Atlantic from Peru had he not known of Gallego's experience.
The present manuscript is, without any doubt, the draft which was owned by Eugenio de Alvarado in 1768. It was then printed among the preliminaries to the Sarmiento narrative of 1581-1583; the texts agree completely, although Alvarado modernized the spelling in his version. 3 From this printing Sir Clements Markham made a translation which appears in the volume he edited. 4 Father Pastells noted and very briefly summarized what is apparently mother copy of the dispatch; his version bears the date February 20, 1579. 5
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1532-1592), "the Spanish Ulysses," was one of the most outstanding explorers of the 16th century. He first arrived in America in about 1555; he went first to Mexico and Guatemala and then, in 1557, to Peru. He was chief pilot in the 1567-1569 expedition under Alvaro de Mendaa which crossed the Pacific Ocean, discovering the Solomon Islands. Upon his return to Peru he was appointed second in command of the force which pursued and captured the last Inca, Tupac Amaru. He strongly favored the execution of the latter, and wrote reports on the history of the Peruvian Indians which enthusiastically supported the efforts of the great Viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo to prove that Spanish rule in Peru was based on justice, and that far from subjecting the Indians to terrorism and exploitation, it had rescued them from the tyranny of the Incas. 6
The Viceroy appointed him, in 1579, first to pursue Drake, and then to search for English garrisons reported to be holding the Strait of Magellan. By his careful record of the voyage he pioneered knowledge of the transit from west to east. The companion vessel lost contact with him and returned to Valdivia. Sarmiento himself continued, as instructed by Toledo, to the River Plate. Thence he eventually reached Spain, after an adventurous voyage in which he narrowly escaped capture near the Azores by Portuguese opposing Philip II's assumption of the crown of Portugal. 7 On making his report, Sarmiento was appointed by the King first governor of a new colony to occupy the Strait (now renamed Strait of the Mother of God) for Spain. The long preparation of this expedition, which set out from Spain late in 1581 on board a fleet commanded by Diego Flores Valds, and its tragic vicissitudes in crossing the Atlantic and attempting to found the planned settlements of Nombre de Jess and Don Felipe el Rey (Philippopolis) are an epic in themselves. 8
When returning to Europe in 1586, in desperate haste to beseech aid for his forgotten colonists at the Strait, Sarmiento was captured off the Azores by a ship fitted out by Walter Ralegh. However, in England he was made welcome by Ralegh and by Queen Elizabeth, and after talking with both was released with a safe-conduct. Nevertheless, on his way home through France he was captured near the Spanish frontier by Huguenots. He languished in a noisome French dungeon for three years, until late in 1589, by which time his failing colony in the Strait had vanished altogether. Sarmiento's last appointment was as second-in-command of a squadron of warships instructed to escort the annual New Spain fleet to Vera Cruz; he died at sea within a month or two of writing his last letter to Philip II, dated from the mouth of the Guadalquivir on April 24, 1592. 9
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