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The health professions--embodied as profiteers, priests & kings--are the target for this polemic. An overindustrialized society has led to the multiplication of medical specialists, a Cartesian belief in the body-as-machine & the hubris which elevates the art of healing into a science. The result is a counterproductive overmedicalization, Illich spells this out in terms of "iatrogenesis"--doctor-caused disease. This can be clinical, in terms of faulty diagnosis & treatment; societal, in terms of policies & laws which distribute funds & determine who's healthy, who's not; & cultural, in terms of beliefs & values which undermine individual freedom & responsibility. Such a system creates fear, multiplies pain (hence the demand for drugs), encourages custodial care & deprives the individual of decision-making powers. Instead of learning from pain, of caring & sharing, of actively participating in self healing, the patient becomes a passive consumer