Zx Spectrum Chaos

[Penny Bozic]

Tohear Greg Orzell tell it, the original Chaos Monkey tool was simple: It randomly picked a virtual machine hosted somewhere on Netflix's cloud and sent it a Terminate" command. Unplugged it. Then the Netflix team would have to figure out what to do.

That was a decade ago now, when Netflix moved its systems to the cloud and subsequently navigated itself around a major U.S. East Coast service outage caused by its new partner, Amazon Web Services (AWS).

Orzell is currently a principal software engineer at GitHub and lives in Mainz, Germany. As he recently recalled the early days of Chaos Monkey, Germany got ready for another long round of COVID-related pandemic lockdowns and deathly fear. Chaos itself raced outside.

But while the coronavirus wrenched daily life upside-down and inside out, a practice called chaos engineering, applied in computer networks, might have helped many parts of the networked world limp through their coronavirus-compromised circumstances.

Chaos engineering is a kind of high-octane active analysis, stress testing taken to extremes. It is an emerging approach to evaluating distributed networks, running experiments against a system while it's in active use. Companies do this to build confidence in their operation's ability to withstand turbulent conditions.

Orzell and his Netflix colleagues built Chaos Monkey as a Java-based tool from the AWS software development kit. The tool acted almost like a number generator. But when Chaos Monkey told a virtual machine to terminate, it was no simulation. The team wanted systems that could tolerate host servers and pieces of application services going down. It was a lot easier to make that real by saying, 'No, no, no, it's going to happen,' " Orzell says. We promise you it will happen twice in the next month, because we are going to make it happen.' "

As practiced today, chaos engineering is more refined and ambitious still. Subsequent tools could intentionally slow things down to a crawl, send network traffic into black holes, and turn off network ports. (One related app called Chaos Kong could scale back company servers inside an entire geographic region. The system would then need to be resilient enough to compensate.) Concurrently, engineers also developed guardrails and safety practices to contain the blast radius. And the discipline took root.

At Netflix, chaos engineering has evolved into a platform called the Chaos Automated Platform, or ChAP, which is used to run specialized experiments. (See "Spawning Chaos," above.) Nora Jones, a software engineer, founder and chief executive of a startup called Jeli, says teams need to understand when and where to experiment. She helped implement ChAP while still at Netflix. Creating chaos in a random part of the system is not going to be that useful for you," she says. There needs to be some sort of reasoning behind it."

Of course, the novel coronavirus has added entirely new kinds of chaos to network traffic. Traffic fluctuations during the pandemic did not all go in one direction either, says AWS principal solutions architect Constantin Gonzalez. Travel services like the German charter giant Touristik Union International (TUI), for instance, drastically pulled in its sails as traffic ground to a halt. But the point in building resilient networks is to make them elastic, he says.

And chaos seems to be catching. Jones's Jeli startup delivers a strategic view on what she calls the catalyst events (events that might be simulated or sparked by chaos engineering), which show the difference between how an organization thinks it works and how it actually works. Gremlin, a four-year-old San Jose venture, offers chaos-engineering tools as service products. In January, the company also issued its first State of Chaos Engineering" report for 2021. In a blog post announcing the publication, Gremlin vice president of marketing Aileen Horgan described chaos-engineering conferences these days as topping 3,500-plus registrants. Gremlin's user base alone, she noted, has conducted nearly 500,000 chaos-engineering system attacks to date.

Michael Dumiak is a Berlin-based writer and reporter covering science and culture and a longtime contributor to IEEE Spectrum. For Spectrum, he has covered digital models of ailing hearts in Belgrade, reported on technology from Minsk and shale energy from the Estonian-Russian border, explored cryonics in Saarland, and followed the controversial phaseout of incandescent lightbulbs in Berlin. He is author and editor of Woods and the Sea: Estonian Design and the Virtual Frontier.

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We propose the existence of a new universality in classical chaotic systems when the number of degrees of freedom is large: the statistical property of the Lyapunov spectrum is described by random matrix theory. We demonstrate it by studying the finite-time Lyapunov exponents of the matrix model of a stringy black hole and the mass-deformed models. The massless limit, which has a dual string theory interpretation, is special in that the universal behavior can be seen already at t=0, while in other cases it sets in at late time. The same pattern is demonstrated also in the product of random matrices.

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A method is presented for investigation of EEG of children with autistic spectrum disorder using complexity and chaos theory with the goal of discovering a nonlinear feature space. Fractal Dimension is proposed for investigation of complexity and dynamical changes in autistic spectrum disorder in brain. Two methods are investigated for computation of fractal dimension: Higuchi's Fractal Dimension and Katz's Fractal Dimension. A wavelet-chaos-neural network methodology is presented for automated EEG-based diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder. The model is tested on a database of eyes-closed EEG data obtained from two groups: nine autistic spectrum disorder children, 6 to 13 years old, and eight non-autistic spectrum disorder children, 7 to 13 years old. Using a radial basis function classifier, an accuracy of 90% was achieved based on the most significant features discovered via analysis of variation statistical test, which are three Katz's Fractal Dimensions in delta (of loci Fp2 and C3) and gamma (of locus T6) EEG sub-bands with P In the increasingly complex world of multiscreen media planning, marketers are justifiably concerned about reaching the right audiences, whether those audiences stay consistent, and whether campaigns drive results. It can feel chaotic.

In a keynote address titled Harnessing Chaos, delivered to industry leaders at this year's Streaming Media NYC in New York, Spectrum Reach's SVP of Marketing Michael Guth demonstrated how it is possible to simplify audience fragmentation, and find opportunity in the chaos of the current media landscape.

Guth began his address with one key question: where are audiences actually spending most of their time? Pointing to research from thousands of campaigns, Guth showed how Spectrum Reach is able to aggregate audiences across platforms and channels to reach a wide cross-section of viewership. He also discussed how Spectrum Reach leverages high-quality, privacy-focused first-party data to help advertisers drive results in multiscreen campaigns.

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Increasingly, hostile authoritarian states leverage violent militias and illicit networks to: destabilize peace and security around the world; finance corruption; expand ecosystems of criminality; pillage critical minerals and natural resources; and conduct political interference and malign influence operations.

From the armed conflicts in Ukraine and Libya, to criminalized markets in Africa, the Americas, and other corners of the globe, authoritarian states are using the services of such proxies to advance their revanchist and revisionist policies to create greater illicit wealth, geopolitical power, market dominance, and a new multi-polar world anchored on chaos and insecurity.

In recent years, militias such as the Wagner Group and Hezbollah have been employed to destabilize governments, prop up autocrats in the developing world, and secure the geo-security aims of their authoritarian masters.

Not only do the violent activities and crimes against humanity by such proxies accord their client states with plausible deniability, but today's criminal and terrorist non-state actors and networks are helping to finance greater corruption and helping to build ecosystems of criminality including the strategic use of drug cartels, triads, gangs, and mafias to advance political interference and malign influence operations against the United States, Europe, G7, NATO, and other allies, and to block policy and security measures at the United Nations.

In fact, the global footprint of some criminal groups has expanded significantly along with trade, economic development initiatives, and geopolitical presence around the world of authoritarian regimes.

Beyond infiltrating government institutions and penetrating legitimate markets with their corruptive practices, these criminal and militia proxies are involved in the smuggling and trafficking of drugs, weapons, WMD, humans, counterfeits, other illicit goods and contraband, and involved in cyberfraud and other digital crimes.

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