Tibet History
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Further information: History of exploration in Tibet, Foreign
relations of Tibet, and Tibet during the Ming Dynasty
King Songtsen GampoTibet in 820.
Tibet in 1734. Royaume de Thibet ("Kingdom of Tibet") in la Chine, la
Tartarie Chinoise, et le Thibet ("China, Chinese Tartary, and Tibet")
on a 1734 map by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, based on earlier
Jesuit maps.
Tibet in 1892 during the Qing Dynasty.The general history of Tibet
begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE) who united parts
of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also
brought in many reforms and Tibetan power spread rapidly creating a
large and powerful empire. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the
niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.
Under the next few Tibetan kings, Buddhism became established as the
state religion and Tibetan power increased even further over large
areas of Central Asia, while major inroads were made into Chinese
territory, even reaching the Tang's capital Chang'an (modern Xi'an) in
late 763.[15] However, the Tibetan occupation of Chang'an only lasted
for fifteen days, after which they were defeated by Tang and its ally,
the Turkic Uyghur Khaganate.
Nanzhao (in Yunnan and neighbouring regions) remained under Tibetan
control from 750 to 794, when they turned on their Tibetan overlords
and helped the Chinese inflict a serious defeat on the Tibetans.[16]
In 747, the hold of Tibet was loosened by the campaign of general Gao
Xianzhi, who tried to re-open the direct communications between
Central Asia and Kashmir. By 750 the Tibetans had lost almost all of
their central Asian possessions to the Chinese. However, after Gao
Xianzhi's defeat by the Arabs and Qarluqs at the Battle of Talas
(751), Chinese influence decreased rapidly and Tibetan influence
resumed. In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A
bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders
between the two countries, is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands
outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa.[17] Tibet continued as a Central
Asian empire until the mid-9th century.
13th, 14th and 15th centuries
See also: Mongol-Tibetan relations in the 13th and 14th centuries
Mongolian prince Khuden conquered Tibet in the 1240s and made the
Sakya Pandita the Mongolian viceroy for Central Tibet, though the
eastern provinces of Kham and Amdo remained under direct Mongol rule.
[18] When Kublai Khan founded the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, Tibet became a
part of it.
Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya
and founded the Phagmodrupa dynasty. The following 80 years saw the
founding of the Gelugpa school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the
disciples of Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa, and the founding of the
important Ganden, Drepung, and Sera monasteries near Lhasa.
16th and 17th centuries
In 1578, Altan Khan of the Tümed Mongols gave Sonam Gyatso, a high
lama of the Gelugpa school, the name Dalai Lama; Dalai being the
Mongolian translation of the Tibetan name Gyatso, or "Ocean".[19]
The first Europeans to arrive in Tibet were the Portuguese
missionaries António de Andrade and Manuel Marques in 1624. They were
welcomed by the King and Queen of Guge, and were allowed to build a
church and to introduce Christian belief. The king of Guge eagerly
accepted Christianity as an offsetting religious influence to dilute
the thriving Gelugpa and to counterbalance his potential rivals and
consolidate his position. All missionaries were expelled in 1745.[20]
[21][22][23]
In the 1630s, Tibet became entangled in power struggles between the
rising Manchu and various Mongol and Oirat factions. Güshi Khan of the
Khoshud became the overlord over Tibet, and acted as a "Protector of
the Yellow Church".[24] Güshi helped the fifth Dalai Lama establish
himself as the highest spiritual and political authority in Tibet and
destroyed any potential rivals.
18th century
Flag of Tibet that was introduced by the 13th Dalai Lama in 1912 and
outlawed by the People's Republic of China in 1959.
Flag of Tibet between 1920 and 1925.The Qing Dynasty put Amdo under
their control in 1724, and incorporated eastern Kham into neighbouring
Chinese provinces in 1728.[25] The Qing government sent a resident
commissioner, called an Amban, to Lhasa. In 1751, Emperor Qianlong
installed the Dalai Lama as both the spiritual leader and political
leader of Tibet leading the government, namely Kashag.[26]
The 18th century saw some contact with Jesuits and Capuchins from
Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to
Shigatse to investigate trade for the British East India Company.[27]
19th century
However, by the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew
more tenuous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India
into the Himalayas, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire
were expanding into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of
the others' intentions in Tibet. Sándor Kőrösi Csoma, the Hungarian
scientist spent 20 years in British India (4 years in Ladakh) trying
to visit Tibet. He created the first Tibetan-English dictionary.
In 1865, the British began secretly mapping Tibet. Trained Indian
surveyor-spies disguised as pilgrims or traders counted their strides
on their travels across Tibet and took readings at night.[citation
needed]
20th century
In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet under the command of Colonel
Francis Younghusband, accompanied by a large military escort, invaded
Tibet and reached Lhasa. The British were spurred in part by a fear
that Russia was extending its power into Tibet, and partly by hope
that negotiations with the Dalai Lama would be more effective than
with Chinese representatives.[28] But on his way to Lhasa,
Younghusband slaughtered many Tibetan troops in Gyangzê who tried to
stop the British advance.
When the mission reached Lhasa, Younghusband imposed a treaty which
was subsequently repudiated, and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty[29]
signed between Britain and China.
In 1910, the Qing government sent a military expedition of its own to
establish direct Chinese rule and deposed the Dalai Lama in an
imperial edict. The Dalai Lama once again fled, this time to British
India, in February 1910.
Independence proclaimed
Main article: Tibet (1912–1950)
The 13th Dalai Lama returned to Tibet from India in July 1912 (after
the fall of the Qing dynasty), and expelled the Amban and all Chinese
troops.[30] In 1913, the Dalai Lama issued a proclamation that stated
that the relationship between the Chinese emperor and Tibet "had been
that of patron and priest and had not been based on the subordination
of one to the other."[31] "We are a small, religious, and independent
nation," the proclamation continued.[31] For the next thirty-six
years, Tibet enjoyed de facto independence while China endured its
Warlord era, civil war, and World War II. However, no country,
including China, has ever recognised Tibet as an independent country.
[32] (Please read Tibet sovereignty debate)
Tibet under the People's Republic of China
Main article: Tibet since 1950
Sera Monastery, Lhasa, Tibet (2006)With the invasion of Tibet in 1950
and the subsequent Seventeen Point Agreement, the PRC asserted control
over Tibet.
Chinese sources generally claim progress towards a prosperous and free
society in Tibet, with its pillars being economic development, legal
advancement, and peasant emancipation. These claims, however, have
been refuted by the Tibet Government-in-Exile and some indigenous
Tibetans, who claim of genocide in Tibet from the Chinese government,
comparing it to Nazi Germany.[33] The official doctrine of the PRC
classifies Tibetans as one of its 56 recognized ethnic groups and part
of the greater Zhonghua Minzu or multi-ethnic Chinese nation. Warren
Smith, an independent scholar and a broadcaster with the Tibetan
Service of Radio Free Asia,[34][35][36] whose work began to focus on
Tibetan history and politics after spending five months in Tibet in
1982, portrays the Chinese as "chauvinists" who believe they are
superior to Tibetans, and claims that the Chinese Communist Party uses
torture, coercion and starvation to control the Tibetan population.
[37]
Geography
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