Download Past Form ~REPACK~
Breanne Meisenheimer
English verb tenses are formed by combining one of the principal forms of a main verb with one or more auxiliary verbs. There are four principal forms: basic or root, present participle, past and past participle.
The past tense is a little trickier. If the verb is regular (or weak) add ed, d, or t to the present form. When a basic form ends in y, it is generally changed to i. In many cases the terminal consonant is doubled before adding ed (see Spelling Words with Double Consonants). For example:
I read once that git commit messages should be in the imperative present tense, e.g. "Add tests for x". I always find myself using the past tense, e.g. "Added tests for x" though, which feels a lot more natural to me.
Finally, for such non-distributed projects, 99.99% of the time a person will be reading a commit message is for reading history - history is read in the past tense. 0.01% of the time it will be deciding whether or not they should apply this commit or integrate it into their branch/repository.
No, I guarantee you that the majority of projects ever logged in a version control system have had their history in the past tense (I don't have references, but it's probably right, considering the present tense argument is new since Git). "Revision" messages or commit messages in the present tense only started making sense in truly distributed projects - see the first point above.
See the first point. 99.99% of the time a person will be reading a commit message is for reading history - history is read in the past tense. 0.01% of the time it will be deciding whether or not they should apply this commit or integrate it into their branch/repository. 99.99% beats 0.01%.
The second purpose of participles is to create different verb tenses, specifically the perfect tenses and continuous tenses. For example, if you are doing something now or in the near future, you use the present continuous tense, which is formed with the verb be and a present participle, or -ing form, of the verb.
Just like the standard continuous tenses, the present participle is also used for the perfect continuous tenses: the present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, and future perfect continuous. Again, the same form of the present participle is used in all three.
The past participle is a necessary part of the perfect tenses: the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. Although the auxiliary verbs may change, the past participle remains the same in each perfect tense.
In the debate of active vs. passive voice, we recommend using the active voice whenever possible. However, in certain circumstances the passive voice is unavoidable. In these cases, use the conjugated form of the verb be together with the past participle.
The other words in a participial phrase relate to how the action in the participle is performed. In the example above, wearing is the participle and a clown costume explains what was being worn, but the entire phrase works together to describe the person.
Technically, there are two participles in a perfect participle. The first is the adjective participle form of the word have, in this example having, and the second is the past participle used in the present perfect tense, in this example visited.
There are two types of participles: present participles and past participles. The present participle is used for the continuous tenses, and the past participle is used for the perfect tenses. Both can be used as adjectives.
Learning to use the "-ing," the infinitive ("to" + base form of the verb), and the past participle (in regular verbs, this is formed by adding "-ed" to the end of the verb) verb forms correctly can be challenging. When do you use "finishing" versus "to finish" versus "finished"? The information on this page can help.
To find more information about when to use an "-ing," an infinitive, or a past participle, look up the word in an online dictionary such as Merriam Webster, or use a corpus, such as The Corpus of Contemporary American English. Although there are some rules to follow, some of them simply have to be memorized.
2. The "-ing" form can function as a noun. These nouns are called gerunds and can be the subject of a clause, followed by a third-person singular (he/she/it) form of the verb. The gerund in the following sample sentences is bolded, and the verb is italicized:
6. The "-ing" form is sometimes used to include additional information in a sentence in a reduced relative clause. The "-ing" in the following example sentences is bolded, and the full relative clause is italicized:
In a regular verb, the past participle is formed by adding "-ed". However, there are many irregular verbs in English, and these past participle forms must be memorized. Here are four common uses of past participles:
2. The past participle is used after "be" auxiliaries in passive voice. Be sure to check our webpage on the appropriate use of passive voice in scholarly writing. The "be" auxiliary in the following example sentences is italicized and the past participle is bolded:
3. The past participle is sometimes used in a phrase to supply additional information. These participial phrases come from relative clauses with a passive meaning. The past participle in the following example sentences is bolded, and the full relative clause is italicized:
Sometimes both the "-ing" and the past participle ("-ed") forms can function as adjectives. However, each form has a different meaning. The "-ing" and the past participle is bolded in the example sentences below. Notice that the "-ing" adjective refers to a thing and the past participle ("-ed") adjective refers to a person.
According to corpus research, in academic writing, the three tenses used the most often are the simple present, the simple past, and the present perfect (Biber et al., 1999; Caplan, 2012). The next most common tense for capstone writers is the future; the doctoral study/dissertation proposal at Walden is written in this tense for a study that will be conducted in the future.
Simple past: Use the simple past tense to describe a completed action that took place at a specific point in the past (e.g., last year, 1 hour ago, last Sunday). In the example below, the specific point of time in the past is 1998.
Present perfect: Use the present perfect to indicate an action that occurred at a nonspecific time in the past. This action has relevance in the present. The present perfect is also sometimes used to introduce background information in a paragraph. After the first sentence, the tense shifts to the simple past.
Keep in mind that verb tenses should be adjusted after the proposal after the research has been completed. See this blog post about Revising the Proposal for the Final Capstone Document for more information.
Rules for the use of the present perfect differ slightly in British and American English. Researchers have also found that among American English writers, sometimes individual preferences dictate whether the simple past or the present perfect is used. In other words, one American English writer may choose the simple past in a place where another American English writer may choose the present perfect.
Keep in mind, however, that the simple past is used for a completed action. It often is used with signal words or phrases such as "yesterday," "last week," "1 year ago," or "in 2015" to indicate the specific time in the past when the action took place.
Subjunctive: This form is sometimes used in that-clauses that are the object of certain verbs or follow certain adjectives. The form of the subjective is the simple form of the verb. It is the same for all persons and number.
In German, as in English, the simple past differs from the present perfect, in that it describes past events that are interrelated within a time frame that is separate from the present. Hence it is typically used in narratives. German speakers are not always careful in making this distinction. Indeed, they sometimes even mix the two tenses indiscriminately.
Further distinctions between the simple past and the present perfect: in spoken German, the simple past is perceived as formal. Colloquial narratives often use the present perfect tense: "Ich bin nach Hause gegangen und habe meinem Mann gesagt...." Indeed, many dialects do not have a simple past.1 The simple past is reserved for more formal narratives; novels are one example.In ordinary conversation, then, the simple past is unusual. There are however, a few exceptions, primarily the verbs "sein," "haben," and the modal auxiliaries. It is quite common to say: "ich war da", instead of "ich bin da gewesen"; "wir hatten eine Katze", instead of "wir haben eine Katze gehabt"; or "sie konnte ihn sehen", rather than "sie hat ihn sehen können." This is particularly true when it serves to cut down on complexity. Even in ordinary speech it is more usual to say "ich musste einen Arzt rufen lassen" than "ich habe einen Arzt rufen lassen müssen."
1As a result, ordinary speakers have forgotten the preterite form of some strong verbs that are traditionally used informally. The third person past of backen ("to bake") was once buk or bük, but few Germans know that anymore, even though the past participle of backen remains strong: gebacken. In the 3rd-person singular, both bäckt and backt are possible.
I noticed someone saying "I have went" about a month ago and it jarred me. Then I heard it again, and again, so I started paying attention. I noticed that the first couple of people I heard say this were Black, so I figured it was maybe a feature of Afro American Vernacular English. Then I heard a White person say it, and as he was from the South, I figured it was a feature of both AAVE and Southern English. In the meantime, I noticed the same phenomenon with other verbs. Soon I started noticing people from other American regions doing this, people of all colors. Then I began to worry that the past participle was disappearing and when I complained about this to a friend, noticed myself doing it!From browsing around here and elsewhere on the web, I have discovered that "I have went" has always existed. I don't know why I didn't notice it before and I also don't know if my increasing observation of it has to do with my increasing awareness or if the past participle is slowly ceding ground to the simple past form.
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