A Predator spaceship appears, and its crew retrieves its fallen comrade. An elder Predator presents Lex with a spear as a gift as the spaceship departs. Lex walks over to a snowcat and leaves the area. On the Predator spaceship, Scar's body lies at rest when a Predalien chestburster erupts from his chest.
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Before 20th Century Fox gave Alien vs. Predator the greenlight, Aliens writer/director James Cameron had been working on a story for a fifth Alien film. Alien director Ridley Scott had talked with Cameron, stating "I think it would be a lot of fun, but the most important thing is to get the story right."[9] In a 2002 interview, Scott's concept for a story was "to go back to where the alien creatures were first found and explain how they were created"; this project eventually became Scott's film Prometheus (2012). On learning that Fox intended to pursue Alien vs. Predator, Cameron believed the film would "kill the validity of the franchise" and ceased work on his story, "To me, that was Frankenstein Meets Werewolf. It was Universal just taking their assets and starting to play them off against each other...Milking it."[10] After viewing Alien vs. Predator, Cameron remarked that "it was actually pretty good. I think of the five Alien films, I'd rate it third. I actually liked it. I actually liked it a lot."[10] Conversely, Ridley Scott had no interest in the Alien vs. Predator films. When asked in May 2012 if he had watched them, Scott laughed, "No. I couldn't do that. I couldn't quite take that step."[11] Director Neill Blomkamp would eventually go on to pitch his sequel to Aliens.[12] However, Scott stated in 2017 that the project has been cancelled.[13]
Early reports claimed the story was about humans who tried to lure Predators with Alien eggs, although the idea was scrapped.[24] Influenced by the work of Erich von Däniken, Anderson researched von Däniken's theories on how he believed early civilizations were able to construct massive pyramids with the help of aliens, an idea long debunked and based on misinterpretations of Aztec mythology.[25] Anderson wove these ideas into Alien vs. Predator, describing a scenario in which Predators taught ancient humans to build pyramids and used Earth for rite of passage rituals every 100 years in which they would hunt Aliens. To explain how these ancient civilisations "disappeared without a trace", Anderson came up with the idea that the Predators, if overwhelmed by the Aliens, would use their self-destruct weapons to kill everything in the area.[25] H. P. Lovecraft's novella At the Mountains of Madness (1931) served as an inspiration for the film, and several elements of the Aliens vs. Predator comic series were included.[19][26] Anderson's initial script called for five Predators to appear in the film, although the number was later reduced to three.[25]
The crew tried to keep CGI use to a minimum, as Anderson said people in suits and puppets are scarier than CGI monsters as they are "there in the frame".[20] Roughly 70% of scenes were created using suits, puppets, and miniatures. The Alien queen was filmed using three variations: a 4.8-meter practical version, a 1.2-meter puppet, and a computer-generated version. The practical version required 12 puppeteers to operate,[19] and CGI tails were added to the Aliens and the queen as they were difficult to animate using puppetry.[30][36] The queen alien's inner-mouth was automated though, and was powered by a system of hydraulics. Anderson praised Alien director Ridley Scott's and Predator director John McTiernan's abilities at building suspense by not showing the creatures until late in the film, something Anderson wanted to accomplish with Alien vs. Predator. "Yes, we make you wait 45 minutes, but once it goes off, from there until the end of the movie, it's fucking relentless".[37]
Transfer learning is a process of making tiny adjustments to a network trained on a given task to perform another, similar task. In our case we work with the ResNet-50 model trained to classify images from the ImageNet dataset. It is enough to learn a lot of textures and patterns that may be useful in other visual tasks, even as alien as this Alien vs. Predator case. That way, we use much less computing power to achieve much better result.
Almost all visual tasks benefit, to varying degrees, from data augmentation for training. For more info about data augmentation, see as applied to plankton photos or how to use it in Keras. In our case, we randomly shear, zoom and horizontally flip our aliens and predators.
The frame rate is definitely higher in Phoenix, which I wouldn't mind trying, but I don't like the corrupted textures. I don't see any way to throttle performance in Phoenix. I had tried AvP in a different emulator that was so fast it was unplayable since the aliens moved at warp speed. I think Virtual Jaguar is the best for me. VJ seems maybe a little faster than hardware, but it doesn't feel it will affect gameplay.
Predation pressure seems to be the most important factor affecting nesting success in boreal breeding ducks (Holopainen et al. 2015). Predator presence and densities vary between habitats, which affects local avian nest predation rates (Nilsson et al. 1985; Stephens et al. 2005). Populations of egg-consuming predators are considered to have increased during the last five decades in Europe (Kauhala 1996; Panek and Bresinski 2002; Roos et al. 2018), affecting nesting success of water birds (MacDonald and Bolton 2008; Brzezinski et al. 2019). In addition to native species, several invasive alien predator species have become dispersed widely in Europe, such as the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), American mink (Neovison vison) and raccoon (Procyon lotor, Kauhala 1996). Invasive species affect native ecosystems by complex interactions with native species (McGeoch et al. 2010) of which predation is likely among those causing the most profound direct effects (Mooney and Cleland 2001).
The effects of alien species on their prey species are considered potentially to be greater than those of native predators (Salo et al. 2007), although the true influence of alien species as nest predators remains largely unstudied and unclear. A review showed that the effect of American mink on ground nesting birds is significant (Bonesi and Palazon 2007), while for the raccoon dog (Mulder 2012) and raccoon (Salgado 2018) (although less well studied) the pattern was not so clear. However, recent studies have raised particular concerns regarding the role of the raccoon dog as a nest predator (Krüger et al. 2018; Dahl and Åhlen 2019; Nummi et al. 2019). The presence of just a few individual raccoon dogs can have major adverse impacts on inland nesting waterbird colonies (Koshev et al. 2020).
In this study, we focus only upon the effect of mammalian predators, which can potentially result in loss of eggs, but also threaten the survival of duck females. The mammalian predator species differ naturally between the study habitats and areas. In both Finland and Denmark red fox (Vulpes vulpes), pine marten (Martes martes), European badger (Meles meles), stoat (Mustela erminea), European polecat (Mustela putorius), Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) and European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) are widespread (Lindén et al. 1996; Baagøe and Jensen 2007). In addition, Finland has Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) (Lindén et al. 1996) and Denmark has stone marten (Martes foina) as native species (Baagøe and Jensen 2007). Alien mammals include raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), American mink (Neovison vison), domestic cat (Felis catus), and domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) in both countries as well as raccoon (Procyon lotor) very locally in Denmark (Kauhala 1996; Salgado 2018). All these mammals were classified as potential predators of adult female ducks or eggs. In addition, Finland and Denmark support a range of avian nest predators that do not threat duck females (Holopainen et al. 2020a).
While ducks breed in all the study areas, we are well aware that the areas differ from each other in ways that are highly likely to affect local predator density and occurrence (Online Appendix 4). In this analysis, for instance, we have not controlled for the hunting effort on native and/or alien predators within the areas. However, in Europe, ducks breed very widely (in terms of geography and habitat exploitation) and are exposed to differing diversity and densities of potential predator species. To account for this variation, it is important to recognize the effects of potential predator species on the breeding ducks throughout that range.
Artificial nests were placed where a dabbling duck hen could potentially lay a clutch, based on our own experience (although nest site selection of boreal ducks remains poorly studied; Holopainen et al. 2015, Online Appendix 5). Some dabbling duck species nest along shorelines, while others can place nests in the forest far from wetlands, so our artificial nest sites reflected this distribution. Our forest nests were established inside forests, at least 70 m from the shoreline to avoid the edge effect (Paton 1994). We classified every nest site to one of the three habitat type categories to capture the habitat-level variance in local predator community: (1) forest, (2) shorelines of permanent lakes, and (3) wetlands (seasonal pond, beaver pond, man-made pond, wetland complex; also nests situated on the floating vegetation).
In total, we established 418 nests, but four were discarded because of camera failure or excavation activities at the nest site and seven because of memory card overflow. In total, we had data from 156 forest nests, 127 shoreline nests and 124 wetland nests (see Online Appendix 3 for divisions between subareas). We counted visits made to nests by all mammalian species that represented a potential mortality risk to duck females or eggs. Croston et al. (2018) observed that depredation events at the duck nests always lasted less than half an hour, so in this study, visits made by the same species were counted as independent if the time lag between visits exceeded half an hour (i.e. we assumed that the predator was a new individual establishing a new visiting event). While we acknowledge that this threshold is rather subjective, it provides a cut-off to reflect the degree of visits by potential egg or hen predators to duck nests. We divided the visits to the nests into three categories: (1) primary predation events, (2) visits before depredation (i.e. early visits: observation at nests before a depredation event, including at nests that were not depredated at all) and (3) after depredation (secondary predation; i.e. all the visits after the primary depredation event). We defined a nest depredated if at least one egg was broken or removed. After the depredation event the initial predator is aware of the nest and egg-breakage can potentially leave cues for the other predators too (Holopainen et al. 2020a). Our focus was on this break point, to compare secondary predation events with the circumstances of the initial predation.
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