Re: Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Second Edition, (Drugs And The Pharmaceutical Sciences) Books Pdf File
Emelina Gilpin
Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery and Therapy presents recent advances in the field of nanobiomaterials and their important applications in drug delivery, therapy and engineering. The book offers pharmaceutical perspectives, exploring the development of nanobiomaterials and their interaction with the human body. Chapters show how nanomaterials are used in treatments, including neurology, dentistry and cancer therapy. Authored by a range of contributors from global institutions, this book offers a broad, international perspective on how nanotechnology-based advances are leading to novel drug delivery and treatment solutions.
Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Second Edition, (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences) books pdf file
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(1) Cancer Therapeutics: the discovery of anti-cancer drug targets, identification/circumvention of drug resistance mechanisms, and the optimization of drug delivery and disposition are major areas of focus for the Division. Our anti-cancer therapeutics research leverages our expertise in novel drug delivery systems, drug transport and membrane trafficking, pharmacokinetics, data analytics, and basic/translational/clinical pharmacology to improve outcomes for cancer patients.
Effective drug delivery systems are essential in maximizing the therapeutic effects of the drugs in question. This book thoroughly analyses recent technological advances in new, nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. These systems also have diverse applications in pharmaceutical, biomedical, biomaterial, and biotechnological fields. This book explains the different types of nanocarriers currently in development and covers both therapeutic and theranostic applications of drug-loaded nanocarriers and nanomedicine.
Drug Delivery Systems examines the current state of the field within pharmaceutical science and concisely explains the history of drug delivery systems, including key developments. The book translates the physicochemical properties of drugs into drug delivery systems administered via various routes, such as oral, parenteral, transdermal and inhalational. Regulatory and product development topics are also explored. Written by experts in the field, this volume in the Advances in Pharmaceutical Product Development and Research series deepens our understanding of drug delivery systems within the pharmaceutical sciences industry and research, as well as in chemical engineering.
The nanomedicine which is the application of technologies on the scale of 1 to 500 nm to diagnose and treat diseases, it has become a very relevant topic nowadays. During the last century, there has been a lot of new research and patents regarding nanomedicine in health sciences [1]. The objective of nanomedicine is to diagnose and preserve the health without side effects with noninvasive treatments. To reach these goals, nanomedicine offers a lot of new tools and capabilities. The manipulation that nanomedicine provides to the drugs and other materials in the nanometer scale can change the basic properties and bioactivity of materials. The solubility, increment in surface area, control release and site-targeted delivery are some characteristics that nanotechnology can manipulate on drug delivery systems.
Nanotechnology applied to health sciences contains new devices used in surgery, new chips for better diagnostics, new materials for substituting body structures and some structures capable to carry drugs through the body for treatment of a lot of diseases. These structures can be made of a lot of different materials and they are very different in structure and chemical nature. All these nanostructures are called nanocarriers and they can be administrated into the organisms by topical and transdermal routes [2]. Nanocarriers are a powerful weapon against a lot of illnesses since they are so small to be detected by immune system and they can deliver the drug in the target organ. For that reason, drug doses using nanocarriers and side effects decrease a lot.
The application of preparations to the skin for medical purposes is as old as the history of medicine itself, with references to the use of ointments and salves found in the records of Babylonian and Egyptian medicine. The historical development of permeation research is well described by Hadgraft & Lane [4]. Over time, the skin has become an important route for drug delivery in which topical, regional or systemic effects are desired. Nevertheless, skin constitutes an excellent barrier and presents difficulties for the transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents, since few drugs possess the characteristics required to permeate across the stratum corneum in sufficient quantities to reach a therapeutic concentration in the blood. In order to enhance drug transdermal absorption different methodologies have been investigated developed and patented [5,6]. Improvement in physical permeation-enhancement technologies has led to renewed interest in transdermal drug delivery. Some of these novel advanced transdermal permeation enhancement technologies include: iontophoresis, electroporation, ultrasound, microneedles to open up the skin and more recently the use of transdermal nanocarriers [3,7-10].
A number of excellent reviews that have been published contain detailed discussions concerning many aspects of transdermal nanocarriers [11-17]. The present chapter shows an updated overview of the use of submicron particles and other nanostructures in the pharmaceutical field, specifically in the area of topical and transdermal drugs. This focus is justified due to the magnitude of the experimental data available with the use of these nanocarriers. The development of submicron particles and other nanostructures in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields has been emerged in the last decades for designing best formulations for application through the skin [18-21].
Nanocarriers have demonstrated increased drug absorption, penetration, half-life, bioavailability, stability, etc. Nanocarriers are so small to be detected by immune system and they can deliver the drug in the target organ using lower drug doses in order to reduce side effects. Nanocarriers can be administrated into the organisms by all the routes; one of them is the dermal route. The nanocarriers most used and investigated for topical/transdermal drug delivery in the pharmaceutical field are shown in Figure 3 and Table 2.
Nanoparticles are smaller than 1,000 nm. Nowadays, it is possible to insert many types of materials such as drugs, proteins, peptides, DNA, etc. into the nanoparticles. They are constructed from materials designed to resist pH, temperature, enzymatic attack, or other problems [81]. Nanoparticles can be classified as nanospheres or nanocapsules (See Figure 4). Nanospheres are solid-core structures and nanocapsules are hollow-core structures. Nanoparticles can be composed of polymers, lipids, polysaccharides and proteins [82,83]. Nanoparticles preparation techniques are based on their physicochemical properties. They are made by emulsification-diffusion by solvent displacement, emulsification-polymerization, in situ-polymerization, gelation, nanoprecipitation, solvent evaporation/extraction, inverse salting out, dispersion polymerization and other derived from these one.
Nanoemulsions are isotropic dispersed systems of two non miscible liquids, normally consisting of an oily system dispersed in an aqueous system (o/w nanoemulsion), or an aqueous system dispersed in an oily system but forming droplets or other oily phases of nanometric sizes (100 nm). They can be stable (methastable) for long times due to the extremely small sizes and the use of adequate surfactants. Nanoemulsions can use hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs because it is possible to make both w/o or o/w nanoemulsions [84]. They are non-toxic and non-irritant systems and they can be used for skin or mucous membranes, parenteral and non parenteral administration in general and they have been used in the cosmetic field. Nanoemulsions can be prepared by three methods mainly: high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization and phase inversion temperature. Transdermal delivery using nanoemulsions has been reduced due to the stability problems inherent to this dosage form.
Liposomes are hollow lipid bilayer structures (Figure 5) that can transport hydrophilic drugs inside the core and hydrophobic drugs between the bilayer [85]. They are structures made of cholesterol and phospholipids. They can have different properties depending on the excipients included and the process of their elaboration. The nature of liposomes makes them one of the best alternatives for drug delivery because they are non-toxic and remain inside the bloodstream for a long time. Liposomes can be surface-charged as neutral, negative or positive, depending on the functional groups and pH medium. Liposomes can encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs in a stable manner, depending on the polymer added to the surface [86]. There are small unilamellar vesicles (25 nm to 100nm), medium-sized unilamellar vesicles (100 nm and 500nm), large unilamellar vesicles, giant unilamellar vesicles, oligolamellar vesicles, large multilamellar vesicles and multivesicular vesicles (500 nm to microns). The thickness of the membrane measures approximately 5 to 6 nm. These shapes and sizes depend of the preparation technique, the lipids used and process variables. Depending on these parameters, the behavior both in vivo and in vitro can change and opsonization processes, leakage profiles, disposition in the body and shelf life are different due to the type of liposome [86].
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