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Margorie Gomoran

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Aug 2, 2024, 7:45:11 PM8/2/24

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Methods: Participants included 5137 adolescents 11 to 17 years old (52.1% girls; 43.0% racial minority) and a collateral informant (97.2% parent or stepparent) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Families were recruited from a large pediatric health care network. Adolescents and parents completed a clinical interview that included questions about adolescents' lifetime suicidal thoughts.

Results: Agreement was moderate for thoughts of killing self (κ = 0.466) and low for thoughts of death or dying (κ = 0.171). Discrepancies stemmed from both parental unawareness of suicidal thoughts reported by adolescents and adolescent denial of suicidal thoughts reported by parents. Fifty percent of parents were unaware of adolescents' thoughts of killing themselves, and 75.6% of parents were unaware of adolescents' recurrent thoughts of death. Forty-eight percent of adolescents denied thoughts of killing themselves, and 67.5% of adolescents denied thoughts of death reported by parents. Several demographic (eg, age) and clinical (eg, treatment history) characteristics were associated with agreement.

Conclusions: Early identification and intervention hinge on reliable and valid assessment of suicide risk. The high prevalence of parental unawareness and adolescent denial of suicidal thoughts found in this study suggests that many adolescents at risk for suicide may go undetected. These findings have important clinical implications for pediatric settings, including the need for a multi-informant approach to suicide screening and a personalized approach to assessment based on empirically derived risk factors for unawareness and denial.

Viewing and modifying epub ebook tagsMy epub Books folder is starting to look like my physical bookshelf athome -- huge and overflowing with books I hope to read some day.Mostly free books from the wonderfulProject Gutenberg andDRM-free books from publishers and authors who support that model.With the Nook's standard library viewer that's impossible to manage.All you can do is sort all those books alphabetically by title or authorand laboriously page through, some five books to a page, hoping theone you want will catch your eye. Worse, sometimes books show up inthe author view but don't show up in the title view, or vice versa.I guess Barnes & Noble think nobody keeps more than ten or sobooks on their shelves.Fortunately on my rooted Nook I have the option of using betterreaders, like FBreader and Aldiko, that let me sort by tags. If I want to read something about the Civil War, or Astronomy, or justrelax with some Science Fiction, I can browse by keyword.Well, in theory. In practice, tagging of ebooks is inconsistentand not very useful.For instance, the Gutenberg tags for Othello are:

Tragedies
Othello (Fictitious character) -- Drama
Jealousy -- Drama
Interracial marriage -- Drama
Venice (Italy) -- Drama
Muslims -- Drama

while the tags for Vanity Fair are

Satire
England -- Fiction
Married women -- Fiction
Female friendship -- Fiction
Social classes -- Fiction
British -- Europe -- Fiction
Waterloo, Battle of, Waterloo, Belgium, 1815 -- Fiction

The Prince and the Pauper's tag list looks like:

Edward VI, King of England, 1537-1553 -- Fiction
Impostors and imposture -- Fiction
Social classes -- Fiction
Poor children -- Fiction
Lookalikes -- Fiction
Princes -- Fiction
Boys -- Fiction
London (England) -- Fiction
Historical fiction

while Captains Courageous looks like

Sea stories
Saltwater fishing -- Fiction
Children of the rich -- Fiction
Bildungsromans
Fishing boats -- Fiction
Teenage boys -- Fiction
Rescues -- Fiction
Fishers -- Fiction
Grand Banks of Newfoundland -- Fiction

I can understand wanting to tag details like this, butfew of those tags are helpful when I'm browsing books onmy little handheld device. I can't imagine sittingdown to read and thinking,"Let's see, what books do I have on Interracial marriage? Or Saltwaterfishing? No, on second thought I'd rather read some fiction set in thetime of Edward VI, King of England, 1537-1553."And of course, with over 90 books loaded on my ebook readers, it meansI have hundreds of entries in my tags list,with few of them including more than one book.Clearly what I needed to do was to change the tags on my ebooks.Viewing and modifying epub tagsThat ought to be simple, right? But ebooks are still a very youngtechnology, and there's surprisingly little software devoted to them.Calibre can probably do it if you don't mind maintaining your wholebook collection under calibre; but I like to be able to work on filesone at a time or in small groups. And I couldn't find a program thatwould let me do that.What to do? Well, epub is a fairly simple XML format, right? So modifying it with Python shouldn't that hard.Managing epub in PythonAn epub file is a collection of XML files packaged in a zip archive.So I unzipped one of my epub books and poked around. I found the tagsin a file called content.opf, inside a tag.They look like this:Science fictionSo I could use Python'szipfile moduleto access the content.opf file inside the zip archive, then use thexml.dom.minidomparser to get to the tags. Writing a script to display existing tagswas very easy.What about replacing the old, unweildy tag list with new, simple tags?It's easy enough to add nodes in Python's minidom.So the trick is writing it back to the epub file.The zipfile module doesn't have a way to modify a zip filein place, so I created a new zip archive and copied files from theold archive to the new one, replacing content.opf with a newversion.Python's difficulty with character sets in XMLBut I hit a snag in writing the new content.opf.Python's XML classes have a toprettyxml() method to write the contentsof a DOM tree. Seemed simple, and that worked for several ebooks ...until I hit one that contained a non-ASCII character. Then Python threwa UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode characteru'\u2014' in position 606: ordinal not in range(128).Of course, there are ways (lots of them) to encode that output string --I could do
ozf.writestr(info, dom.toprettyxml().encode(encoding, 'xmlcharrefreplace')),orwritestr(info, dom.toprettyxml(encoding=encoding)Except ... what should I pass as the encoding?The content.opf file started with its encoding:

but Python's minidom offers no way to get that information.In fact, none of Python's XML parsers seem to offer this.Since you need a charset to avoid the UnicodeEncodeError,the only options are (1) always use a fixed charset, like utf-8,for content.opf, or (2) open content.opf and parse thecharset line by hand after Python has already parsed the rest of the file.Yuck! So I chose the first option ... I can always revisit that if the utf-8in content.opf ever causes problems.The final scriptCharset difficulties aside, though, I'm quite pleased with my epubtags.pyscript. It's very handy to be able to print tags on any .epub file,and after cleaning up the tags on my ebooks, it's great to beable to browse by category in FBreader. Here's the program:epubtag.py.

Reading, converting and editing EPUB ebooksSince switching to the Archos 5 Android tabletfor my daily feed reading, I've also been using it to read books in EPUB format.There are tons of places to get EPUB ebooks -- I won't tryto list them all, but Project Gutenbergis a good place to start. The next question was how to read them.Reading EPUB books: Aldiko or FBReaderI've already mentioned Aldiko in my post onAndroidas an RSS reader. It's not so good for reading short RSS feeds, but it's excellent for ebooks.But Aldiko has one fatal flaw: it insists on keeping its books in oneplace, and you can't change it. When I tried to add a bigtechnical book, Aldiko spun for several minutes with no feedback,then finally declared it was out of space on the device. Frustrating,since I have a nearly empty 8-gigabyte micro-SD card and there's noway to get Aldiko to use it. Fiddling with symlinks didn't help.A reader gave me a tip a while back that I should check out FBReader. I'd been avoiding it because of a bad experience with theearly FBReader on the Nokia 770 -- but it's come a long way since then,and FBReaderJ, the Android port, works very nicely. It's as good areader as Aldiko (except I wish the line spacing were moreconfigurable). It has better navigation: I can see how far along inthe book I am or jump to an arbitrary point, tasks Aldiko makes quitedifficult. Most important, it lets me keep my books anywhere I want them.Plus it's open source.Creating EPUB books: Calibre and ebook-convertI hadn't had the tablet for long before I encountered an article that was onlyavailable as PDF. Wouldn't it be nice to read it on my tablet?Of course, Android has lots of PDF readers. But most of them aren'tsmart about things like rewrapping lines or changing fonts and colors,so it's an unpleasant experience to try to read PDF on a five-inch screen.Could I convert the PDF to an EPUB?Sadly, there aren't very many open-source options for handling EPUB.For converting from other formats, you have one choice: Calibre.It's a big complex GUI program for organizing your ebook library and awhole bunch of other things I would never want to do, and it has a tonof prerequisites, like Qt4.But the important thing is that it comes with a small Pythonscript called ebook-convert.ebook-convert has no built-in help -- it takes lots of options,but to find out what they are, you have to go to theebook-convert page on Calibre's site. But here's all you typically needebook-convert --authors "Mark Twain" --title "Huckleberry Finn" infile.pdf huckfinn.epubUpdate:They've changed the syntax as of Calibre v. 0.7.44, and now it insistson having the input and output filenames first:ebook-convert infile.pdf huckfinn.epub --authors "Mark Twain" --title "Huckleberry Finn"Pretty easy; the only hard part is remembering that it's --authorsand not --author.Calibre (and ebook-convert) can take lots of different input formats,not just PDF. If you're converting ebooks, you need it. I wishebook-convert was available by itself, so I could run it on a server;I took a quick stab at separating it, but even once I separated outthe Qt parts it still required Python libraries not yet available onDebian stable. I may try again some day, but for now, I'll stick torunning it on desktop systems.Editing EPUB books: SigilBut we're not quite done yet. Calibre and ebook-convert do a fairlygood job, but they're not perfect. When I tried converting my GIMP book from a PDF,the chapter headings were a mess and there was no table of contents.And of course I wanted the cover page to be right, instead of thedefault Calibre image. I needed a way to edit it.EPUB is an XML format, so in theory I could have fixed this with atext editor, but I wanted to avoid that if possible.And I found Sigil.Wikipedia claims it's theonlyapplication that can edit EPUB books.There's no sigil package in Ubuntu (though Arch has one), but it wasvery easy to install from the sigil website. And it worked beautifully. I cleanedup the font problems at the beginnings of chapters, added chapterbreaks where they were missing, and deleted headings that didn't belong.Then I had Sigil auto-generate a table of contents from headers in thedocument. I was also able to fix the title and put the real book coveron the title page.It all worked flawlessly, and the ebook I generated with Sigil looksvery nice and has working navigation when I view it in FBReaderJ(it's still too big for Aldiko to handle).Very impressive. If you've ever wanted to generate your own ebook, oredit one you already have, you should definitely check out Sigil.