Is computation the source of information in the universe?

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Jason Resch

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Jan 25, 2025, 3:18:01 PMJan 25
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Seth Lloyd showed a correspondence between the quantity of information in the observable universe and the total number of computations that have occurred in the history of the observable universe.

I performed the following calculation and found the two values agree to within ~1% (which is the approximate error of one of the empirical values put into the model):

The number of computational operations in the history of the observable universe (according to the Margolus-Levitin bound): 1.60 × 10^123 operations

The total information content of the observable universe (according to its volume, energy, and the Bekenstein bound): 1.62 × 10^123 nats

There are ideas in physics that say entropy is created through quantum entanglement (which is another way of saying by any measurement), which seems not far from any quantum interaction (computation): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgYQglmYU-8

algorithmic information theory" he reaches a similar conclusion starting from an even more basic premise, writing: 

"However, there are some model independent typical properties of abstract computational processes that Alice arguably can expect to see. One of them is the fact that computations initially start in a simple state (at least if the computer program has small algorithmic complexity, which is the case here), and compute forever without halting. [...] Then, the corresponding process will tend to look more and more complex over the course of the computation. Indeed, the random input bits (as described under eq. (4) above) will increase the entropy of the machine’s state over time. Moreover, inspection of many simple example, e.g. cellular automata [36], shows that even deterministic computations often exhibit increasing apparent complexity over time."

So is it then more than a coincidence that we see such a close relationship between the information content of our universe, and the number of computations in the universe? The reasons for the relations sound intuitive by Muller's reasoning, but they seem less intuitive when we consider that in our universe, information content is bounded by our universe's volume (or more accurately, its surface area). Then, it seems as though our universe is forced to expand as a consequence of, and to compensate for, the number of computations performed within it.

Jason
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