Peninsula English Dub

[Jen Ondrey]

Apeninsula[1][2] is a landform that extends from a mainland and is surrounded by water on most sides.[3][4][5] Peninsulas exist on all continents.[6][2] The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian Peninsula.[7][8]

A peninsula may be bordered by more than one body of water, and the body of water does not have to be an ocean or a sea.[10] A piece of land on a very tight river bend or one between two rivers is sometimes said to form a peninsula, for example in the New Barbadoes Neck in New Jersey, United States.[5] A peninsula may be connected to the mainland via an isthmus, for example, in the Isthmus of Corinth which connects to the Peloponnese peninsula.[11]

Peninsulas can be formed from continental drift, glacial erosion, glacial meltwater, glacial deposition, marine sediment, marine transgressions, volcanoes, divergent boundaries or river sedimentation.[12] More than one factor may play into the formation of a peninsula. For example, in the case of Florida, continental drift, marine sediment, and marine transgressions were all contributing factors to its shape.[13]

In the case of formation from glaciers (e.g., the Antarctic Peninsula or Cape Cod), peninsulas can be created due to glacial erosion, meltwater or deposition.[14] If erosion formed the peninsula, softer and harder rocks were present, and since the glacier only erodes softer rock, it formed a basin.[14] This may create peninsulas, and occurred for example in the Keweenaw Peninsula.[14]

In the case of formation from meltwater, melting glaciers deposit sediment and form moraines, which act as dams for the meltwater.[14] This may create bodies of water that surround the land, forming peninsulas.[14]

If deposition formed the peninsula, the peninsula was composed of sedimentary rock, which was created from a large deposit of glacial drift.[15][16] The hill of drift becomes a peninsula if the hill formed near water but was still connected to the mainland, for example during the formation of Cape Cod about 23,000 years ago.[17][18]

In the case of formation from volcanoes, when a volcano erupts magma near water, it may form a peninsula (e.g., the Alaskan Peninsula).[15] Peninsulas formed from volcanoes are especially common when the volcano erupts near shallow water.[19] Marine sediment may form peninsulas by the creation of limestone.[20] A rift peninsula may form as a result of a divergent boundary in plate tectonics (e.g. the Arabian Peninsula),[21][22] while a convergent boundary may also form peninsulas (e.g. Gibraltar or the Indian subcontinent).[23] Peninsulas can also form due to sedimentation in rivers. When a river carrying sediment flows into an ocean, the sediment is deposited, forming a delta peninsula.[24]

Marine transgressions (changes in sea level) may form peninsulas, but also may affect existing peninsulas. For example, the water level may change, which causes a peninsula to become an island during high water levels.[25] Similarly, wet weather causing higher water levels make peninsulas appear smaller, while dry weather make them appear larger.[26] Sea level rise from global warming will permanently reduce the size of some peninsulas over time.[27]

Peninsulas are noted for their use as shelter for humans and Neanderthals.[28] The landform is advantageous because it gives hunting access to both land and sea animals.[28]They can also serve as markers of a nation's borders.[29]

Peninsulas can be very small, sometimes only large enough for a single lighthouse, for instance. Lighthouses often sit on peninsulas near rocky coastlines to warn sailors that they are getting close to land.

Peninsulas are found on every continent. In North America, the narrow peninsula of Baja California, in Mexico, separates the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Cortez, also called the Gulf of California. In Europe, the nations of Portugal and Spain make up the Iberian Peninsula. The so-called Horn of Africa, which juts into the Arabian Sea on central Africas east coast, is a huge peninsula. The nations of North Korea and South Korea make up the Korean Peninsula in eastern Asia. In Australia, the Cape York Peninsula is only 160 kilometers (99 miles) from the island of New Guinea. The Antarctic Peninsula seems to point to the tip of South America, several hundred kilometers (miles) away.

Continental Peninsula

Not all peninsulas are skinny little bits of land. Europe (the whole thing!) is sometimes considered a large peninsula extending off the single continent of Eurasia.

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The Long Beach Peninsula separates Alamitos Bay from the Pacific Ocean. There are beaches on both sides of this long, narrow peninsula. The sandy beach that faces north toward the bay is called Peninsula Bayside Beach and the one facing the ocean is known as Peninsula Beach.

In 2018, Congress authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to examine coastal storm risk on the Charleston peninsula. After almost four years of careful study, USACE recommended an eight-mile storm surge structure. USACE also proposed nature-based features such as living shorelines and 10 pumps to mitigate impoundment and overtopping of water during a storm.

The final design and final path of the structure have NOT been designed nor engineered. Neither have potential additional flood-risk reduction benefits. Those components will be part of the project's next phase: Pre-Construction Engineering and Design (PED).

The USACE also recommended nonstructural enhancements, such as home elevation and building proofing to mitigate storm surge risk in the peninsula's Rosemont and Bridgeview communities where a structure is not practical. To accommodate those communities, the City is developing a specific Resilience Plan for Rosemont and Bridgeview with the Lowcountry alliance for Model Communities (LAMC), a regional environmental justice organization. the plan will align the USACE storm surge project with the communities other flood risks, such as rainfall, tidal flooding, and sea level rise.

In 2021, City Council established a Citizen's Advisory Committee was established to review and make project recommendations to the Mayor and City Council. Please find more information on the Committee, including Committee recordings below:

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