3d Atlas Of Anatomy

[Cesar Sergeantson]

e-Anatomy is a high-quality anatomy and imaging content atlas. It is the most complete reference of human anatomy available on the Web, iPad, iPhone and Android devices. Explore detailed anatomical views and multiple modalities (over 8,900 anatomic structures and more than 870,000 translated medical labels) with images in CT, MRI, radiographs, anatomical diagrams and nuclear images. Available in 12 languages.

IMAIOS is a company which aims to assist and train human and animal practitioners. Serving healthcare professionals through interactive anatomy atlases, medical imaging, collaborative database of clinical cases, online courses...

IMAIOS and selected third parties, use cookies or similar technologies, in particular for audience measurement. Cookies allow us to analyze and store information such as the characteristics of your device as well as certain personal data (e.g., IP addresses, navigation, usage or geolocation data, unique identifiers). This data is processed for the following purposes: analysis and improvement of the user experience and/or our content offering, products and services, audience measurement and analysis, interaction with social networks, display of personalized content, performance measurement and content appeal. For more information, see our privacy policy.

You can freely give, refuse or withdraw your consent at any time by accessing our cookie settings tool. If you do not consent to the use of these technologies, we will consider that you also object to any cookie storage based on legitimate interest. You can consent to the use of these technologies by clicking "accept all cookies".

These are cookies that ensure the proper functioning of the website and allow its optimization (detect browsing problems, connect to your IMAIOS account, online payments, debugging and website security). The website cannot function properly without these cookies, which is why they are not subject to your consent.

ANATOMY 3D ATLAS allows you to study human anatomy in an easy and interactive way. Through a simple and intuitive interface it is possible to observe, by highly detailed 3D models, every anatomical structure of the human body from any angle.

Shivkumar was aghast to learn it was the work of an ardent Nazi whose Vienna institute had dissected the bodies of prisoners, many executed for political reasons after Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany in 1938.

Shivkumar is a big thinker, an erudite physician quick with an apt quotation, whose Westwood office is stacked with Sanskrit volumes of the Mahabharata alongside books related to legendary Bruins basketball coach John Wooden.

That question would launch Shivkumar on a quest that has lasted more than a decade and is expected to endure for years. He wants to surpass the anatomical atlas created by Dr. Eduard Pernkopf, a fervent supporter of the Nazi regime whose work was fueled by the dead bodies of its victims.

For decades, the origins of the Pernkopf Atlas were unknown to many who turned to its pages for guidance. Swastikas tucked into signatures of an illustrator were airbrushed out in later editions. Its history began to trickle out in journals in the 1980s.

Other anatomical atlases exist, but these illustrations had especially fine details, including of the nerves extending beyond the brain and spiral cord. One survey of nerve surgeons found that 13% of respondents were using the atlas. Among those who have publicly grappled with it is Dr. Susan Mackinnon, a surgery professor at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis known as a pioneer in nerve regeneration.

Mackinnon sought ethical guidance. Rabbi Joseph Polak, a Boston University assistant adjunct professor of health law who survived the concentration camps as a child, said one dilemma involved a patient in excruciating pain.

A spent heart normally wilts like a deflated balloon, but this one had been pumped with chemicals to imitate the fullness of life. The team first puts the organs to use in research, then carefully dissects them for imaging.

Bringing out a bisected piece of a heart, Dr. Shumpei Mori displayed how its inner architecture could be captured on camera, threading a catheter through the organ as a co-worker snaked in an endoscope.

In another lab, Mori carefully unzipped a bag on a metal gurney to reveal the stripped-down interior of a cadaver diligently dissected over a year and a half, its rib cage cracked open like a weighty book. Shivkumar pointed out the pale web of nerves stretching up through the neck. Mori had painted them yellow by hand.

When Shivkumar decided to launch the project, he had been inspired by the words of USC emeritus professor of rheumatology Dr. Richard Panush, who had pushed to set the atlas aside in the library of the New Jersey medical center where he had worked, moving it to a display case that explained its history.

As the oldest scientific discipline in medicine, anatomy dates at least as far back as the ancient Egyptians, whose elaborate embalming methods necessitated a familiarity with organs and body parts. Hippocrates described the heart and blood vessels in establishing medicine as a scientific field in the 5th century BC. In modern times, generations of aspiring doctors have learned about anatomy in their first year of medical school, in part by dissecting human cadavers in the lab.

More than that, the Amara Yad Project will educate medical students, trainees and others on past and present moral stains on the profession while supporting corrective measures that address the damage, restore trust and educate a new generation of physicians on their sacred duty to ethically serve their patients.

Dr. Shivkumar was unfamiliar with the Pernkopf history in 2002, the year he established the UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center. As an electrophysiologist, his focus is on abnormal heart rhythms. Although most arrhythmias are benign, an improperly beating heart can negatively affect blood flow to vital organs. As many as 6 million Americans have atrial fibrillation, which can produce palpitations, chronic fatigue and shortness of breath that severely impede quality of life. In the most lethal cases, untreated arrhythmias can lead to cardiac arrest or stroke.

Kalyanam Shivkumar was born in 1968 in Chennai (then called Madras), located on the Bay of Bengal in southeastern India. His father was a mathematician, his mother a chemistry teacher. His grandfather had been a journalist who spent eight years in prison after being charged with sedition for publishing a newspaper directed by Mahatma Gandhi; he was released after India achieved independence in 1947 and went on to serve as a member of parliament.

Knowing the sordid origin story behind the Pernkopf atlas raised a moral dilemma. If the books contained critical information that could be used for the benefit of patients, should they nonetheless be disregarded given that the information came from the exploitation of Nazi victims?

In particular, the Pernkopf work was viewed as peerless when it came to its utility for peripheral-nerve surgeons. In 2015, Susan E. Mackinnon, MD, a leading nerve surgeon at Washington University in St. Louis who had long leaned on the illustrations to guide complex pain operations, approached Sabine Hildebrandt, MD, a pediatrician and lecturer in global health at Harvard Medical School and an expert in the history of anatomy during the Third Reich, about her misgivings.

Among the rabbinic scholars he consulted was Michael Berenbaum, an author and professor at American Jewish University in Los Angeles, where he is director of the Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust.

Dr. Shivkumar also reached out to Richard S. Panush, MD, a rheumatologist who had taken a public stand against the Pernkopf atlas after a 1995 Annals of Internal Medicine article set off the chain of events that led to the University of Vienna investigation. Dr. Panush, then at St. Barnabus Medical Center in Livingston, New Jersey, was deeply disturbed by the recollections of Edzard Ernst, MD, PhD, a former Vienna Medical School faculty member who wrote of the Nazi takeover of the university and raised the likelihood that Nazi victims were used as research subjects.

Images have been selected from the following anatomical atlases in the National Library of Medicine's collection. Each atlas is linked to a brief Author & Title Description, which offers an historical discussion of the work, its author, the artists, and the illustration technique. The Bibliographic Information link provides a bibliographical description of the atlas, so users will know which edition was scanned and if there are any characteristics special to the Library's copy.
Click on the thumbnail to the left of the title to view images from the atlas.

You can even zoom into structures, view them from multiple angles and perspectives (gross anatomy, histology and medical imaging) and listen to audio files of each structure being pronounced. Learning has never been so simple.

The atlas is the topmost vertebra and the axis (the vertebra below it) forms the joint connecting the skull and spine. The atlas and axis are specialized to allow a greater range of motion than normal vertebrae. They are responsible for the nodding and rotation movements of the head.

The anterior arch forms about one-fifth of the ring: its anterior surface is convex, and presents at its center the anterior tubercle for the attachment of the longus colli muscles and the anterior longitudinal ligament; posteriorly it is concave, and marked by a smooth, oval or circular facet (fovea dentis), for articulation with the odontoid process (dens) of the axis.

The upper and lower borders respectively give attachment to the anterior atlantooccipital membrane and the anterior atlantoaxial ligament; the former connects it with the occipital bone above, and the latter with the axis below.[5]

The posterior arch forms about two-fifths of the circumference of the ring: it ends behind in the posterior tubercle, which is the rudiment of a spinous process and gives origin to the recti capitis posteriores minores and the ligamentum nuchae. The diminutive size of this process prevents any interference with the movements between the atlas and the skull.

c80f0f1006