Chera Chola Pandya History In Tamil Pdf 19
Amabella Tevebaugh
Chera Chola Pandya History In Tamil Pdf 19
The Chera, Chola and Pandya kingdoms were the three major powers that ruled the ancient Tamil country from the 3rd century BCE to the 15th century CE. They are collectively known as the "Three Crowned Kings" or "Muvendar" in Tamil literature. They had a rich and diverse cultural heritage that influenced the art, architecture, literature, religion and politics of South India and beyond. In this article, we will explore their history, achievements and legacy using archaeological and textual evidence.
The Chera Kingdom
The Chera kingdom was located in the western coast of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The name Chera is derived from the Tamil word "cher" meaning hill or mountain, indicating their origin from the Western Ghats. The Chera emblem was a bow and arrow. The Cheras were known for their maritime trade and naval prowess. They had contacts with the Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Chinese and other ancient civilizations. They exported spices, ivory, pearls, gems and other commodities to foreign lands and imported gold, silver, wine, silk and other goods. The Cheras also patronized Tamil literature and culture. They sponsored the famous Sangam literature, which is a collection of poems and songs composed by various poets on various themes such as love, war, heroism, ethics and nature. The Sangam literature also provides valuable information about the social, political and economic life of the ancient Tamils.
The Chera rulers were known by various titles such as "Kuttuvan", "Vanavan", "Kothai" and "Senguttuvan". Some of the notable Chera kings were Uthiyan Cheralathan, who was praised for his generosity and hospitality; Senguttuvan, who was celebrated for his military expedition to the Himalayas and his construction of a temple for his wife Kannagi; Cheran Senguttuvan, who defeated the mighty Magadha king Nandivardhana; and Cheraman Perumal, who is said to have embraced Islam and performed Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.
The Chola Kingdom
The Chola kingdom was located in the eastern coast of Tamil Nadu and parts of Andhra Pradesh. The name Chola is derived from the Tamil word "cholai" meaning fertile land or country. The Chola emblem was a tiger. The Cholas were known for their imperial expansion and administrative excellence. They built a vast empire that stretched from Sri Lanka in the south to Bengal in the north and Maldives in the west to Indonesia in the east. They established a well-organized bureaucracy, a powerful army and navy, a fair judicial system, a prosperous economy and a flourishing culture. They built magnificent temples, palaces, forts, cities, ports and irrigation systems. They also promoted education, literature, art, music, dance and architecture.
The Chola rulers were known by various titles such as "Parakesari", "Rajaraja", "Rajendra", "Vikrama" and "Kulothunga". Some of the notable Chola kings were Karikala Chola, who was credited for building the Grand Anicut across the Kaveri river; Rajaraja I, who was regarded as the greatest Chola king and who built the Brihadisvara temple at Thanjavur; Rajendra I, who was the first Indian king to conquer overseas territories and who built the Gangaikonda Cholapuram city; Rajadhiraja I, who was a valiant warrior and who defeated the Chalukyas, Pandyas and Sinhalas; Kulothunga I, who was a benevolent ruler and who reformed the tax system; Rajaraja III, who was a patron of arts and literature; and Rajendra III, who was the last Chola king.
The Pandya Kingdom
The Pandya kingdom was located in the southern tip of Tamil Nadu. The name Pandya is derived from the Tamil word "pandi" meaning bull or old. The Pandya emblem was a carp or fish. The Pandyas were known for their pearl fishing and cultural diversity. They had contacts with various cultures such as Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Christianity. They also had trade relations with Rome, Greece, Egypt,
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