Re: Fallen Leaf
Laverne Levenstein
Nira is like a young leaf, which is always there beside the flowers but will never be one of them. Her name, Nira, derives from Niranam which means the anonymous one. The story of a boy who is a little girl at heart, he is shattered from not being accepted by anyone but his mother who wholeheartedly loves him. His father is not a very good man, as he loathes him and mistreats his mother. Nira wants his father to be like his uncle-in-law Chatchavee, the only one aside from his mother who is a warm man and cares for him and understands him. Until the forbidden love occurs, Chatchavee happens to notice and cannot answer back this aberrant love, he denies Nira. Nira, deeply crushed and traumatised by this rejection, decides with his mother's support to do something that changes the rest of his life. He undergoes a sex reassignment surgery which completely transforms him into a gorgeous woman. Unfortunately, her mother dies during the operation. Devastated, she runs away from the hospital. The one who finds her and helps her is doctor Benjang, who takes her home. She starts living as his sister.One day, Nira coincidentally meets Chatchavee. Due to her beauty, he starts to fall for her and also Nira's father. None of them recognise her. The tragedy love begins to be more and more complicated when Nira's aunt, who always looks down on Nira's love and is envious of her, discovers the truth and tries to hinder Nira in every way. How will this story end? Edit Translation
In the effort of isolating novel microbial species, the strain PL0132T was isolated from a fallen leaf under fresh water at a stream, which glided when grown on a tap water medium (without nutrients). The strain was determined to be Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, and rod-shaped, which grew optimally at 25 C, pH 6-7, and the strain tolerates 1% (w/v) NaCl concentration. The complete genome of strain PL0132T comprises one contig with a sequencing depth of 76, consisting of 8,853,064 base pairs and the genomic DNA G + C content was 46.7% (genome). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain PL0132T represents a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes and is affiliated with the genus Spirosoma. Based on genomic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the strain PL0132T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma foliorum sp. nov. is proposed (= KCTC 72228 T = InaCC B1447T).
The species of the genus Spirosoma have been isolated from soil, dust, air, water, and extreme conditions like Arctic glaciers18,19,20. Furthermore, the characteristics of the genus include Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, yellow or orange pigmented bacteria which are characterized as menaquinone MK-7 as the respiratory quinone, phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid, and summed feature 3 (C16: 1ω6C and/or C16: 1ω7C) C16:1ω5c, iso-C15:0, and C16:0 as the major fatty acids6. In this paper, a gliding bacterium was isolated from a decaying leaf of Acer palmatum in a stream of fresh water. The distinctive characteristics led us to propose a novel species in the genus Spirosoma.
Once on the ground, and away from the nourishment of the tree, the leaf begins to dry out and decompose. It loses even more color as the cells desiccate and die; most leaves become a brownish color. The leaves at this top layer on the ground are known as the litter layer. Below this is the fermenting layer, where leaves are compacted and already rotting. These leaves tend to be moister as water becomes trapped here, and the leaves are broken down. Below this is the humus, which is rich and black and consists of completely rotted plant and animal matter. Small animals and arthropods such as mites, springtails, nematodes, woodlice or pillbugs, and millipede feed on the dead leaves. They are detrivores, meaning they feed on dead material. Earthworms are perhaps one of the better known of these; they eat the leaves and break them down into tiny pieces. Their feces, known as castings, are a site for microorganism activity. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi are the primary agents of this decomposition. These convert the leaf pieces to minerals and nutrients, which can be used by the trees and other plants. All of the small creatures that live in and feed on the leaves, in turn, can be food for small predatory arthropods and other animals. Thus, the fallen leaves form an essential part of many nutrient cycles and food webs.
Besides serving as food, the leaves are an important habitat for many insects and arachnids. Beetles of all sorts roam in the leaves, feeding on the plant material or hunting other small arthropods and mollusks, like slugs and snails. Harvestmen, or daddy longlegs, patrol the leaves for decaying material or other small animals they manage to catch. Wolf spiders and jumping spiders hunt in the cover of the leaves for insects. Web-spinning spiders anchor their webs in the leaves. Crickets that you hear singing in late summer and fall hide in the leaves and construct burrows in the soil beneath. Many moth caterpillars, like Isabella Tiger Moths and Leopard Moths, create their cocoons under the leaf litter, relying on the protection and insulation of the leaves to overwinter. Fly larvae or maggots, including crane flies, fungus gnats, house flies, and hover flies, all can be found in the leaf litter, aiding in decomposition. Salamanders, toads and other small amphibians rely on the shelter and moisture provided by the leaves and eat small invertebrates found there.
Autumn leaf litter contributes a significant amount of phosphorus to urban stormwater, which then runs off into waterways and lakes. Excessive amounts of nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen can cause eutrophication, or the depletion of oxygen in water, resulting in death of aquatic animals like fish. The USGS-led study found that without removal, leaf litter and other organic debris in the fall contributed 56 percent of the annual total phosphorus load in urban stormwater compared to only 16 percent when streets were cleared of leaves prior to a rain event.
During April through November of 2013 through 2015, scientists compared concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in stormwater from two residential catchments in western Madison that had similar tree cover. The city applied a leaf litter removal program from late September through mid-November at one site but not the other. The researchers found significantly lower amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen at the site where leaves were removed.
The study also found that stormwater nutrient levels were highest during the fall months when the amount of organic debris on streets was at its peak. This finding suggests that leaf removal programs are most effective during fall in Madison, and that sources other than leaves, such as street dirt and grass clippings, were likely the primary contributors of phosphorus and other nutrients during spring and summer.
During the study period, the city of Madison used municipal leaf collection, street cleaning and leaf blowers to remove leaf litter from residential areas, and asked residents to pile their leaves adjacent to the street to limit excess debris. Leaf collection and street cleaning occurred about every seven days from late September through mid-November.
The Mission of Releaf Paper is manufacturing of sustainable paper from biowastes without harming the environment. Together with our clients and partners we change the approach for packaging supply and satisfy growing demand without harming the planet. Our goal is to replace using wood cellulose with Releaf pulp to the greatest extend of paper mills across the world.
Releaf Paper is made of leaves that come to production from urban ecosystems of cities. It allows to solve an issue of biowastes disposing in cities and preserve the integrity forest eco-systems. Leaves cleared of debris are loaded to special chemical reactor where influenced by phisycal & chemical processes fibers are extracted. Pulp is backwashed several times to remove third-party elements. Fibrous cellulose is mixing with biological filler. Paper machine gathers up thoses masses into entire canvas and than dries into rolls of paper.
Removing leaves also eliminates vital wildlife habitat. Critters ranging from turtles and toads to birds, mammals and invertebrates rely on leaf litter for food, shelter and nesting material. Many moth and butterfly caterpillars overwinter in fallen leaves before emerging in spring.
Leaves create a natural mulch that helps to suppress weeds while fertilizing the soil as it breaks down. The leaves also serve as a habitat for wildlife including lizards, birds, turtles, frogs, and insects that overwinter in the fallen leaves. These living creatures help keep pests down and increase pollination in your garden, so having a habitat for them in the fallen leaves can help to keep them around when you need them the most.
In the past gardeners may have worried that fall leaves, matted down by snow or rain, would have a negative impact on their perennials. In reality, a thick layer of leaves provides additional insulation against bitter cold weather, and can protect newly planted perennials when frost-heave may expose tender roots. Anyone who has spotted fragile spring ephemerals popping up in the woods knows that all but the frailest of plants will burst through the leaf litter in spring without trouble.
The fallen fragment sign refers to the presence of a bone fracture fragment resting dependently in a cystic bone lesion. This finding was once thought to be pathognomonic for a simple (unicameral) bone cyst following a pathological fracture, although it has occasionally been reported with other cystic lesions, e.g. eosinophilic granuloma or aneurysmal bone cyst 4.
Articles: Unicameral bone cyst Solitary bone tumour imaging reporting and data system (BTI-RADS) Cases: Aneurysmal bone cyst Fallen fragment sign Unicameral bone cyst - fractured Pathological fracture of humerus - simple bone cyst Pathological fracture - paediatric Unicameral bone cyst of the big toe Fallen fragment sign Unicameral bone cyst Fallen fragment sign of unicameral bone cyst Unicameral bone cyst: fallen fragment sign Fallen fragment sign in neck of femur fracture Unicameral bone cyst with fallen fragment sign Giant cell tumour with pathological fracture of the distal femur Unicameral bone cyst Unicameral bone cyst Healed unicameral bone cyst following fracture Unicameral bone cyst Unicameral bone cyst with fracture - humerus Multiple choice questions: Question 2234 Question 1408
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