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In computer architecture, 32-bit computing refers to computer systems with a processor, memory, and other major system components that operate on data in 32-bit units.[1][2] Compared to smaller bit widths, 32-bit computers can perform large calculations more efficiently and process more data per clock cycle. Typical 32-bit personal computers also have a 32-bit address bus, permitting up to 4 GB of RAM to be accessed, far more than previous generations of system architecture allowed.[3]
32-bit designs have been used since the earliest days of electronic computing, in experimental systems and then in large mainframe and minicomputer systems. The first hybrid 16/32-bit microprocessor, the Motorola 68000, was introduced in the late 1970s and used in systems such as the original Apple Macintosh. Fully 32-bit microprocessors such as the HP FOCUS, Motorola 68020 and Intel 80386 were launched in the early to mid 1980s and became dominant by the early 1990s. This generation of personal computers coincided with and enabled the first mass-adoption of the World Wide Web. While 32-bit architectures are still widely-used in specific applications, the PC and server market has moved on to 64 bits with x86-64 since the mid-2000s with installed memory often exceeding the 32-bit 4G RAM address limits on entry level computers. The latest generation of mobile phones have also switched to 64 bits.
The world's first stored-program electronic computer, the Manchester Baby, used a 32-bit architecture in 1948, although it was only a proof of concept and had little practical capacity. It held only 32 32-bit words of RAM on a Williams tube, and had no addition operation, only subtraction.
Memory, as well as other digital circuits and wiring, was expensive during the first decades of 32-bit architectures (the 1960s to the 1980s).[4] Older 32-bit processor families (or simpler, cheaper variants thereof) could therefore have many compromises and limitations in order to cut costs. This could be a 16-bit ALU, for instance, or external (or internal) buses narrower than 32 bits, limiting memory size or demanding more cycles for instruction fetch, execution or write back.
However, the opposite is often true for newer 32-bit designs. For example, the Pentium Pro processor is a 32-bit machine, with 32-bit registers and instructions that manipulate 32-bit quantities, but the external address bus is 36 bits wide, giving a larger address space than 4 GB, and the external data bus is 64 bits wide, primarily in order to permit a more efficient prefetch of instructions and data.[7]
On the x86 architecture, a 32-bit application normally means software that typically (not necessarily) uses the 32-bit linear address space (or flat memory model) possible with the 80386 and later chips. In this context, the term came about because DOS, Microsoft Windows and OS/2[9] were originally written for the 8088/8086 or 80286, 16-bit microprocessors with a segmented address space where programs had to switch between segments to reach more than 64 kilobytes of code or data. As this is quite time-consuming in comparison to other machine operations, the performance may suffer. Furthermore, programming with segments tend to become complicated; special far and near keywords or memory models had to be used (with care), not only in assembly language but also in high level languages such as Pascal, compiled BASIC, Fortran, C, etc.
The 80386 and its successors fully support the 16-bit segments of the 80286 but also segments for 32-bit address offsets (using the new 32-bit width of the main registers). If the base address of all 32-bit segments is set to 0, and segment registers are not used explicitly, the segmentation can be forgotten and the processor appears as having a simple linear 32-bit address space. Operating systems like Windows or OS/2 provide the possibility to run 16-bit (segmented) programs as well as 32-bit programs. The former possibility exists for backward compatibility and the latter is usually meant to be used for new software development.
In digital images/pictures, 32-bit usually refers to RGBA color space; that is, 24-bit truecolor images with an additional 8-bit alpha channel. Other image formats also specify 32 bits per pixel, such as RGBE.
In digital images, 32-bit sometimes refers to high-dynamic-range imaging (HDR) formats that use 32 bits per channel, a total of 96 bits per pixel. 32-bit-per-channel images are used to represent values brighter than what sRGB color space allows (brighter than white); these values can then be used to more accurately retain bright highlights when either lowering the exposure of the image or when it is seen through a dark filter or dull reflection.
For example, a reflection in an oil slick is only a fraction of that seen in a mirror surface. HDR imagery allows for the reflection of highlights that can still be seen as bright white areas, instead of dull grey shapes.
Upgrading from the 32-bit version to the 64-bit version of Windows requires that you reformat your hard disk, install the 64-bit version of Windows, and then reinstall everything else that you had on your device.
To install a 64-bit version of Windows, you need a CPU that's capable of running a 64-bit version of Windows. The benefits of using a 64-bit operating system are most apparent when you have a large amount of random access memory (RAM) installed on your computer, typically 4 GB of RAM or more. In such cases, because a 64-bit operating system can handle large amounts of memory more efficiently than a 32-bit operating system, a 64-bit system can be more responsive when running several programs at the same time and switching between them frequently.
Using input data tool I tried to connect to our 32-bit Oracle OCI database and I got an error message "OCILogon2 Error:ORA-12514:TNS:listerner does not know of service requested in connect descriptor" What does this error mean? How do I get connected to an oracle database?
Yes to the first question and no to the second question; it's a virtual machine. Your problems are probably related to unspecified changes in library implementation between versions. Although it could be, say, a race condition.
There are some hoops the VM has to go through. Notably references are treated in class files as if they took the same space as ints on the stack. double and long take up two reference slots. For instance fields, there's some rearrangement the VM usually goes through anyway. This is all done (relatively) transparently.
Also some 64-bit JVMs use "compressed oops". Because data is aligned to around every 8 or 16 bytes, three or four bits of the address are useless (although a "mark" bit may be stolen for some algorithms). This allows 32-bit address data (therefore using half as much bandwidth, and therefore faster) to use heap sizes of 35- or 36-bits on a 64-bit platform.
The Java JNI requires OS libraries of the same "bittiness" as the JVM. If you attempt to build something that depends, for example, on IESHIMS.DLL (lives in %ProgramFiles%\Internet Explorer) you need to take the 32bit version when your JVM is 32bit, the 64bit version when your JVM is 64bit. Likewise for other platforms.
"If you compile your code on an 32 Bit Machine, your code should only run on an 32 Bit Processor. If you want to run your code on an 64 Bit JVM you have to compile your class Files on an 64 Bit Machine using an 64-Bit JDK."
You know, dinosaures are still alive... And since I forced my computer to install a 32-bit Tableau I got access to SAP, but since I have a 64-bit Alteryx there is no ongoing communication between SAP and Alteryx:(
@tailfire I am attaching a batch and bash script which should help with spinning up clients on 32-bit systems. Note that these are as-is and unsupported. You can edit and use these as you see fit. They take up to 3 arguments currently:
Note that the bash script requires curl to download the launch client and windows makes an attempt to download from the gateway (untested against a gateway which requires SSL and will likely require modification). You must also specify your JAVA_HOME environment variable in their current state.
It should be noted that the 8.0.3 versions support fullscreen/windowed mode and attempt to grab an updated launchclient.jar from the gateway. You can also retrieve them via URL. for example: :8088/system/nativelaunch?type=legacy&os=windows the applicable OS args are windows, osx, and linux
Where would be an appropriate place to discuss dropping 32-bit packages across the python ecosystem? Neither the Redhat, the windows store nor conda-forge support any 32-bit variants, and producing packages doubles CI time for all library packagers. I realize each project could have its own support policy, but a python-wide statement would be more convincing. Specifically, I would like to drop windows 32-bit PyPI wheels from the scientific python stack, is that OK?
Thanks for all the replies. I would summarize that it is OK if NumPy (and the scientific python stack) stop testing 32-bit windows and stop providing 32-bit windows wheels. We (NumPy) will continue to test (but not provide wheels for) 32-bit linux.
I know that 64-bit CPUs offer many advantages, and that the main one is that there are more unused bits in an object pointer, which lets compiler writers implement constant values like short strings, floats, integers and so on as just a pointer rather than a malloc'd chunk of memory. (Sometimes called a packed pointer.)
However 32-bit CPUs still exist and are widely used in the Linux realm e.g. in IoT, in single-board computers, and of course in older computers that haven't been abandoned.
What are the current reasons for Swift's not supporting 32-bit CPUs?
I did compile Swift for a 32-bit Raspberry pi and it got almost entirely through it before the last link phase which failed.
In fact, we already support several 32-bit platforms, including both architectures of the Apple Watch. I believe supporting 32-bit Windows is also on the roadmap, although @compnerd can speak better to that.
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