Magnolias are trees or shrubs with deciduous or rarely evergreenfoliage. They bear conspicuous and often large, fragrant, white,rose or purple flowers. The sepals are three in number, the petalssix to twelve, in two to four series of three in each, the stamensand carpels being numerous. The fruit consists of a number offollicles which are borne on a more or less conical receptacle, anddehisce along the outer edge to allow the scarlet or brown seedsto escape; the seeds however remain suspended by a long slenderthread (the funicle). Of the old-world species, the earliest incultivation appears to have been M. Yulan (or M. conspicua) ofChina, of which the buds were preserved, as well as used medicinallyand to season rice; together with the greenhouse species,M. fuscata, it was transported to Europe in 1789, and thence toNorth America, and is now cultivated in the Middle States.There are many fine forms of M. conspicua, the best beingSoulangeana, white tinted with purple, Lenné and stricta. Of theJapanese magnolias, M. Kobus and the purple-flowered M.obovata were met with by Kaempfer in 1690, and were introducedinto England in 1709 and 1804 respectively. M. pumila, thedwarf magnolia, from the mountains of Amboyna, is nearlyevergreen, and bears deliciously scented flowers; it was introducedin 1786. The Indian species are three in number, M.globosa, allied to M. conspicua of Japan, M. sphenocarpa, and,the most magnificent of all magnolias, M. Campbellii, whichforms a conspicuous feature in the scenery and vegetation ofDarjeeling. It was discovered by Dr Griffith in Bhutan, andis a large forest tree, abounding on the outer ranges of Sikkim,80 to 150 ft. high, and from 6 to 12 ft. in girth. The flowersare 6 to 10 in. across, appearing before the leaves, and varyfrom white to a deep rose colour.