Antconc Download ((TOP)) Gratis

[Guy Clena]

With a lead expectant crowd, on the stroke of midday. The bird hour began not upon the stroke of midnight but upon the of midnight but upon the stroke of noon. There was, booked in advance. On the stroke of seven, a gong summons Promptly on the stroke of six 'clock, the chooks from Edinburgh on the stroke of the Millennium. Parole (Utterance) \t\t\tsyntagmatic\n\nExample of pattern meaning \u201con the stroke of X\u201d X = a temporal point \u201cIt is\/was adj. that\u2026\u201d (construction grammar?) certain, likely, possible, probable, etc. apparent, clear, evident, obvious, plain, etc. fantastic, marvellous, appropriate, logical, encouraging, exciting, reassuring, etc. appalling, unjust, annoying, etc. critical, important, necessary, vital, etc. amazing, funny, interesting, intriguing, etc. Possibility, necessity; Evidentiality; Evaluation\n\nPattern meaning A large number of different adjectives occur in the pattern between is\/was and that Probability \u201cIt was important to establish this because it was possible that strontium and calcium in fossils might have reacted chemically with the rock in which the fossils were buried.\u201d (New Scientist) Evaluation - used to evaluate propositions (statements) rather than things or people \u201cBut a lot of health authorities say they will not allow these drugs on NHS prescription as they cannot afford them at around \u00a390 a month. It is scandalous that the rich can buy the drugs privately, but tough luck if you are poor.\u201d (The Sun)\n\nMeaning arising from collocation \u201cThere are always semantic relations between node and collocates, and among the collocates themselves.\u201d (Stubbs 2002: 225) Collocational meaning arising from the semantic relations between node and collocates: semantic prosody (also called \u201cdiscourse prosody\u201d) Collocational meaning arising from the semantic relations among collocates of a node: semantic preference\n\nWhat is semantic prosody? \u201cconsistent aura of meaning with which a form is imbued by its collocates\u201d (Louw 1993: 157) \u201ca form of meaning which is established through the proximity of a consistent series of collocates.\u201d (Louw 2000: 57) \u201cthe spreading of connotational colouring beyond single word boundaries\u201d (Partington 1998: 68) \u201cWhen the usage of a word gives an impression of an attitudinal or pragmatic meaning, this is called a semantic prosody\u201d (Sinclair 1999) This kind of meaning is \u201cprosody\u201d in the sense that it stretches over more than one unit (word)\n\nSemantic prosody The primary function of SP is to express speaker\/writer attitude or evaluation (Louw 2000: 58) Attitudinal, affective, evaluative and pragmatic meaning Typically negative, with relatively few of them bearing an affectively positive meaning Unsurprising: contented human beings utter much less than discontented ones It is unrequited love, not requited love, that forms most of the subject matter for the greatest love poetry in English!\n\nSemantic prosody SET IN: occurs primarily with subjects which refer to unpleasant states of affairs \u2026before bad weather sets in\u2026 \u2026the fact that misery can set in\u2026 \u2026desperation can set in\u2026 \u2026stagnation seemed to have set in\u2026 \u2026before rigor mortis sets in\u2026 BREAK OUT: it is bad things that break out \u2026violence broke out\u2026 \u2026riots broke out\u2026 \u2026war broke out\u2026 \u2026real disagreements have broken out\u2026 \u2026a storm of protest broke out\u2026\n\nSemantic prosody Collocates of CAUSE Collocates of consequences damage, problems, pain, disease, distress, trouble, concern, degradation, harm, pollution, suffering, anxiety, death, fear, stress, symptoms These examples of \u2018bad company\u2019 collocate with cause so frequently that the central and typical use of cause shows a negative affective meaning (\u8fd1\u58a8\u8005\u9ed1\uff1f) Collocates of consequences In the sense of result serious, disastrous, adverse, dire, damaging, negative, unintended, unfortunate, tragic, fatal, severe In the sense of importance important, significant, far-reaching, profound\n\nSemantic prosody PROVIDE: a positive semantic prosody facilities, information, services; aid, assistance, help, support; care, food, money, nourishment, protection, security CREATE: \u201cprosodically mixed or incomplete\u201d [Negative] illusion, problems [Neutral] atmosphere, conditions, environment, image, impression, situation, space [Positive] jobs, opportunities, order, wealth\n\nSemantic prosody The negative (or less frequently positive) prosody that belongs to an lexical item is the result of the interplay between the item and its typical collocates The item does not appear to have an affective meaning until it appears in the context of its typical collocates If a word has typical collocates with an affective meaning, it may take on that affective meaning even when it is used with other atypical collocates The consequence of a word frequently keeping \u2018bad company\u2019 is that the use of the word alone may become enough to indicate something unfavourable (cf. Partington 1998: 67)\n\nSemantic prosody Is semantic prosody a type of connotative meaning? \u201cSemantic prosodies are not merely connotational\u201d as the force behind semantic prosodies is \u201cmore strongly collocational than the schematic aspects of connotation.\u201d (Louw 2000: 49-50) In my view, connotation can be collocational or non-collocational; semantic prosody can only be collocational\n\nSemantic prosody Semantic prosody is strongly collocational in that it operates beyond the meanings of individual words Both personal and price are quite neutral, but when they co-occur, a negative prosody may result: personal price most frequently refers to something undesirable In the BoE with over 550 million words of written and spoken texts, 20 instances of \u201cpersonal price\u201d are all evaluatively negative\n\n\u201cPersonal price\u201d typically negative and high something undesirable Barclays\u2019 slogan to promote their personal financial services in 2003 \u201cThe personal loan with the personal price\u201d\n\nSemantic preference \u2018a lexical set of frequently occurring collocates [sharing] some semantic feature\u2019 (Stubbs 2002: 449) large typically collocates with items from the same semantic set indicating \u2018quantities and sizes\u2019 number(s), scale, part, quantities, amount(s) \u2018absence\/change of state\u2019 is a common feature of the collocates of maximizers such as utterly, totally, completely and entirely\n\nSemantic preference Semantic preference and semantic prosody are two distinct yet interdependent collocational meanings Semantic prosody is a further level of abstraction of the relationship between lexical units (Sinclair 1996, 1998; Stubbs 2001) Collocation (the relationship between a node and individual words) Colligation (the relationship between a node and grammatical categories, e.g. \u201cvery\u201d tends to collocate with adjectives and adverbs) Semantic preference (semantic sets\/fields of collocates) Semantic prosody (affective meanings of a given node with its typical collocates)\n\nSemantic preference Semantic preference and semantic prosody have different operating scopes (Partington 2004:151) Semantic preference can be viewed as a feature of the collocates while semantic prosody is a feature of the node word The two also interact (Partington 2004: 151) Semantic prosody \u2018dictates the general environment which constrains the preferential choices of the node item\u2019 Semantic preference \u2018contributes powerfully\u2019 to building semantic prosody End of concordance versus patterning, collocation and colloational meaning\n\nWordlist A list of words in a corpus and their frequency Can become very meaningful when compared with other lists: \u201ckeyword analysis\u201d \u201cA type is not a token.\u201d Token: an occurrence of any given word form (6 tokens) Type: a (unique) word form (5 types - \u201ca\u201d is repeated) Type-token ratio (TTR): the number of types divided by the number of tokens multiplies 100 lexical density: a low TTR indicates a text is not very lexically rich useful when comparing samples of roughly equal length Standardized type-token ratio (STTR) It is difficult to compare the TTR of a smaller corpus against a larger one As a corpus gets bigger, the number of new word types being counted declines In order to remedy the issue of comparing TTRs of corpora of different sizes, WordSmith can calculate TTR based on every 1,000 words (the default setting can be adjusted) and produce an average TTR\n\nWordlist\n\nAntConc wordlist\n\nPractice Make a wordlist of the following text using wordlist function in WST or AntConc The Stephen text (local copy available) http:\/\/www.cch.kcl.ac.uk\/legacy\/teaching\/av1000\/textanalysis\/gaskin\/stephen.txt A book written by the hippie guru Stephen Gaskell Browse through the frequency list. Can you see any pattern in the list?\n\nCluster Also called lexical bundle, n-gram, multi-word unit (MWU) Groups of N words which appear in sequence in the text Presented using frequency lists Good way to identify recurrent\/specific expressions for a corpus Tools WordSmith Concord Wordlist (Index) AntConc N-gram\n\nCluster\/lexical bundle\/n-gram Concord (3-gram) Wordlist\n\nClusters in WordSmith The Stephen text Clusters with WST Concord The search term Clusters with WST Wordlist (Index) The whole corpus Questions What are the most frequent 3-word clusters with \u201cknow\u201d in the Stephen text? \u00a0What are the most frequent 3-word clusters in the whole text? Are they all \u201cexpected\u201d phrases?\n\nClusters in WordSmith Make adjustments here\n\nConcord: \u201cknow\u201d\n\n3-word clusters of \u201cknow\u201d recompute n-word clusters\n\nClusters in Wordlist (Index) An error may occur if you specify a folder without having the writing permissions\n\nClusters in Wordlist (Index) The index is created and saved in the specified file location Warning: Your file location may be different!\n\nResulting index\n\nClusters in Wordlist (Index) OR: Wordlist \u2013 File \u2013 Open\n\nClusters in Wordlist (Index)\n\nClusters in Wordlist (Index)\n\nN-gram in AntConc Difference from WST: Can a word contain the apostrophe?","text":"Corpus Linguistics Richard Xiao lancs...@googlemail.com Corpus analysis (1) Corpus Linguistics Richard Xiao lancs...@googlemail.com\n\nOutline of the session Lecture Lab Concordance Patterning Semantic prosody Wordlist Cluster (lexical bundle, MWU, n-gram) Lab WST Concord and Wordlist AntConc Online concordancers\n\nWho reads a corpus? A corpus is usually too large for anyone to read, e.g. the BNC is very, very large\u2026 It took 4 years to build It contains over 100 million (100,106,008) words of modern English It comprises 4,124 texts There are six and a quarter million sentence units in the whole corpus Each word is automatically assigned a part of speech code - there are 65 parts of speech identified It occupies 1.5 gigabytes of disk space - the equivalent of more than 1,000 high capacity floppy disks The whole corpus printed in small type on thin paper would take up 10 metres of shelf space Reading the whole corpus aloud at a rate of 150 words a minute, eight hours a day, 365 days a year, would take nearly 4 years A computer can scan in a few seconds more text than you can read in your whole life\u2026\n\nConcordance A comprehensive index of the words used in a text or a corpus A set of concordance lines The most common concordance format is the KWIC concordance - Key Word in Context In a KWIC concordance of your search word, i.e. the node word, is in a central position with all lines vertically aligned around the node Can be sorted to reveal patterns of usage\n\nConcordancer A concordancer is the software that displays concordances (Unicode compliant) Concord WordSmith Tools (GBP50) www.lexically.net\/wordsmith\/ MonoConc (USD85) www.athel.com\/mono.html AntConc (free) www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp\/software\/antconc3.2.4w.exe Xaira (free) www.oucs.ox.ac.uk\/rts\/xaira\/ Multilingual Corpus Tool (MLCT) - free www.lancs.ac.uk\/fass\/projects\/corpus\/cbls\/resources.asp\n\nKWIC concordance (WST)\n\nKWIC concordance (MonoConc)\n\nKWIC concordance (AntConc)\n\nKWIC concordance (Xaira)\n\nOnline concordancers English (free) http:\/\/corpus.byu.edu\/bnc\/ http:\/\/bncweb.lancs.ac.uk\/bncwebSignup\/user\/login.php http:\/\/www.americancorpus.org\/ (COCA) Chinese (free) www.lancs.ac.uk\/fass\/projects\/corpus\/LCMC\/ www.lancs.ac.uk\/fass\/projects\/corpus\/UCLA\/ www.lancs.ac.uk\/fass\/projects\/corpus\/babel\/babel.htm Sketch Engine: Corpus query system of multilingual data, incorporating word sketches, grammatical relations, and a distributional thesaurus (30 days free trial) http:\/\/www.sketchengine.co.uk\/\n\nSyntagmatic vs. paradigmatic\n\nCollocation is syntagmatic Langue (Language system) paradigmatic famous boots. On the stroke of full time the Stoke the lead on the stroke of half-time with a goal Smith sin-binned on the stroke of half-time, added a clinched their win on the stroke of lunch after resuming chase by declaring on the stroke of lunch. With a lead expectant crowd, on the stroke of midday. The bird hour began not upon the stroke of midnight but upon the of midnight but upon the stroke of noon. There was, booked in advance. On the stroke of seven, a gong summons Promptly on the stroke of six 'clock, the chooks from Edinburgh on the stroke of the Millennium. Parole (Utterance) \t\t\tsyntagmatic\n\nExample of pattern meaning \u201con the stroke of X\u201d X = a temporal point \u201cIt is\/was adj. that\u2026\u201d (construction grammar?) certain, likely, possible, probable, etc. apparent, clear, evident, obvious, plain, etc. fantastic, marvellous, appropriate, logical, encouraging, exciting, reassuring, etc. appalling, unjust, annoying, etc. critical, important, necessary, vital, etc. amazing, funny, interesting, intriguing, etc. Possibility, necessity; Evidentiality; Evaluation\n\nPattern meaning A large number of different adjectives occur in the pattern between is\/was and that Probability \u201cIt was important to establish this because it was possible that strontium and calcium in fossils might have reacted chemically with the rock in which the fossils were buried.\u201d (New Scientist) Evaluation - used to evaluate propositions (statements) rather than things or people \u201cBut a lot of health authorities say they will not allow these drugs on NHS prescription as they cannot afford them at around \u00a390 a month. It is scandalous that the rich can buy the drugs privately, but tough luck if you are poor.\u201d (The Sun)\n\nMeaning arising from collocation \u201cThere are always semantic relations between node and collocates, and among the collocates themselves.\u201d (Stubbs 2002: 225) Collocational meaning arising from the semantic relations between node and collocates: semantic prosody (also called \u201cdiscourse prosody\u201d) Collocational meaning arising from the semantic relations among collocates of a node: semantic preference\n\nWhat is semantic prosody? \u201cconsistent aura of meaning with which a form is imbued by its collocates\u201d (Louw 1993: 157) \u201ca form of meaning which is established through the proximity of a consistent series of collocates.\u201d (Louw 2000: 57) \u201cthe spreading of connotational colouring beyond single word boundaries\u201d (Partington 1998: 68) \u201cWhen the usage of a word gives an impression of an attitudinal or pragmatic meaning, this is called a semantic prosody\u201d (Sinclair 1999) This kind of meaning is \u201cprosody\u201d in the sense that it stretches over more than one unit (word)\n\nSemantic prosody The primary function of SP is to express speaker\/writer attitude or evaluation (Louw 2000: 58) Attitudinal, affective, evaluative and pragmatic meaning Typically negative, with relatively few of them bearing an affectively positive meaning Unsurprising: contented human beings utter much less than discontented ones It is unrequited love, not requited love, that forms most of the subject matter for the greatest love poetry in English!\n\nSemantic prosody SET IN: occurs primarily with subjects which refer to unpleasant states of affairs \u2026before bad weather sets in\u2026 \u2026the fact that misery can set in\u2026 \u2026desperation can set in\u2026 \u2026stagnation seemed to have set in\u2026 \u2026before rigor mortis sets in\u2026 BREAK OUT: it is bad things that break out \u2026violence broke out\u2026 \u2026riots broke out\u2026 \u2026war broke out\u2026 \u2026real disagreements have broken out\u2026 \u2026a storm of protest broke out\u2026\n\nSemantic prosody Collocates of CAUSE Collocates of consequences damage, problems, pain, disease, distress, trouble, concern, degradation, harm, pollution, suffering, anxiety, death, fear, stress, symptoms These examples of \u2018bad company\u2019 collocate with cause so frequently that the central and typical use of cause shows a negative affective meaning (\u8fd1\u58a8\u8005\u9ed1\uff1f) Collocates of consequences In the sense of result serious, disastrous, adverse, dire, damaging, negative, unintended, unfortunate, tragic, fatal, severe In the sense of importance important, significant, far-reaching, profound\n\nSemantic prosody PROVIDE: a positive semantic prosody facilities, information, services; aid, assistance, help, support; care, food, money, nourishment, protection, security CREATE: \u201cprosodically mixed or incomplete\u201d [Negative] illusion, problems [Neutral] atmosphere, conditions, environment, image, impression, situation, space [Positive] jobs, opportunities, order, wealth\n\nSemantic prosody The negative (or less frequently positive) prosody that belongs to an lexical item is the result of the interplay between the item and its typical collocates The item does not appear to have an affective meaning until it appears in the context of its typical collocates If a word has typical collocates with an affective meaning, it may take on that affective meaning even when it is used with other atypical collocates The consequence of a word frequently keeping \u2018bad company\u2019 is that the use of the word alone may become enough to indicate something unfavourable (cf. Partington 1998: 67)\n\nSemantic prosody Is semantic prosody a type of connotative meaning? \u201cSemantic prosodies are not merely connotational\u201d as the force behind semantic prosodies is \u201cmore strongly collocational than the schematic aspects of connotation.\u201d (Louw 2000: 49-50) In my view, connotation can be collocational or non-collocational; semantic prosody can only be collocational\n\nSemantic prosody Semantic prosody is strongly collocational in that it operates beyond the meanings of individual words Both personal and price are quite neutral, but when they co-occur, a negative prosody may result: personal price most frequently refers to something undesirable In the BoE with over 550 million words of written and spoken texts, 20 instances of \u201cpersonal price\u201d are all evaluatively negative\n\n\u201cPersonal price\u201d typically negative and high something undesirable Barclays\u2019 slogan to promote their personal financial services in 2003 \u201cThe personal loan with the personal price\u201d\n\nSemantic preference \u2018a lexical set of frequently occurring collocates [sharing] some semantic feature\u2019 (Stubbs 2002: 449) large typically collocates with items from the same semantic set indicating \u2018quantities and sizes\u2019 number(s), scale, part, quantities, amount(s) \u2018absence\/change of state\u2019 is a common feature of the collocates of maximizers such as utterly, totally, completely and entirely\n\nSemantic preference Semantic preference and semantic prosody are two distinct yet interde