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Bronze, Iron Age, Classical, & neoclassical Confucian China

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Thomas J Wheat

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Oct 25, 2004, 2:18:10 PM10/25/04

The earliest reported Dynasty in Chinese civilization was the ethnic
Tibetan Chiang Hsiung Hsia, (Xsia) Dynasty founded in 2200 B.C.E.

The Next Dynasty was the Shang Dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 1766
B.C.E to approximately 1100 B.C.E. This dynasty featured rudimentary
jade and Bronze Casting technology and the spirtual divination of the
practices at that time focused on occult human and animal sacrifice.
Once the victim was sacrificed the flesh was stripped from the bones
and the bones were bleeched and set into the sacrificial fire.
Depending on the nature of the fire searing the Bone, the cracks in
those bones would determine the earliest basis for the Phylogy and
phenomenology of the Chinese language character system.

The Next Dynasty was the Zhou (Chou) dynasty. This dynasty was
considered a golden age in Chinese history. This period began from
roughly 1100 B.C.E. with intermitten decentralization of the
feudatories and the beginning of the Iron Age in the Warring States
Period from about 700 B.C.E. to about 225 B.C.E.

The early great Philosophical kings of the Zhou Dynasty period were
King Wu, Marshall Wei and the Duke of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou was
considered an agricultural innovator by introducing the three seasonal
three field crop rotation method.

The Warring States period, (660 - 225 B.C.E.) featured a period of
much civil war and political decentralization and yet also featured a
revitilization of chinese philosophical thought. The earliest known,
written works of this time were the I - Ching, and the philosophers
of this time were Lao Tzu, composer of the Tao Te Ching, and earliest
known chinese traveller to Amdo, Tibet. The creator of the Chinese
Civil Service Academy was Kung Fu Tzu, composer of the Analects,
(Confucius) and Meng Tzu who formalized confucian thought in the 2nd
century B.C.E.

Confucian thought centered on the principle of Ren and Li, Benevolence
and proper ritual practices, repectively and also focused on ancestral
spirit worship along with a practical mundane philosophy for a code
among the Shin Shi, the philosopher Bureacrat knight.

Other Books of this period focused on taoist gurellia warfare
techniques and occult chinese opera. The most famous book of this
later period, written approximately in 200 B.C.E. was Sun Tzu's, "Art
of War."

The end of the Zhou dynasty saw a revivalist of the eastern 12
feudatory kingdoms of the Han dynasty unto their defeat by the Chin
dynasty which culminated in the shortlived 25 year regime of a unified
China under Chin Shi Huang Di with the rise of the Legalist positivist
school of chinese occult political theocratic statecraft.

The rise of the Chin Dynasty, 225 B.C.E. to 200 B.C.E. saw for the
first time albeit a short time a unified and centralized China. Chin
Shi Huang Di however did not tolerate dissedents to his rule.

Many Books were burned, chiefly among them the Lost book of Poetry,
and many of the Confucians, Daoists, and the Mohists, perhaps the
world's first 'free love bohemian society' many had their bodies
buried up to their necks in sand and then had their necks crushed, or
were boiled alive in their own blood in huge iron vats. Other occult
human sacrificial techniques also included scaling 5 foot in length by
1 foot in width razor ladders approximately 20 feet high with the
survivor being granted clemency upon succesful ascent and descent of
the razor ladder to heaven Gauntlet.

Chin Shi Huang Di's regime was shortlived because he had no efficient
bureacratic succession method. Out of his approximatelly 22 sons, he
had originally designated his second son as his heir, however, the
17th son assasinated the second son and so the dynasty plunged again
into chaos and disorder. He was entombed in a pyramid, and his
sarcophagus rested on a floating lake of mercury. Archaelogical
evidence of his skull revealed the existence of mercury poisoning
which contributed to the disfigurement of his spine and death in his
mid to late sixties. His tomb had approximately 10,000 chin soldiers
each bearing a unique likeness and representation of the soldier who
had the misfortune of being entombed alive with the death of Chin Shi
Huang Di.

Qin Shi Huang Di was also obssessed with the search for immortality.
This caused him to seek many a chinese alchemist potion and Taoist
sexual practices intended to increase his Chi, or life force.
Unfortunately few worked for him as evinced by the mercury traces in
the forensic analysis of his skull.

The next dynasty was the Han dynasty. This dynasty lasted from 200
b.c.e. to about 400 C.E. During the latter half of this period saw the
rise of the silk road Eastern Western, European Asian trade routes and
the formation of the Pax Sinica and the Pax Romana. Indeed at Julius
Caesar's coronation, Han red silk imperial banners were featured.

The Han dynasty represented a technological revolution of Iron age
bronze lost wax casting methods. The consolidation of East west Silk
route trade was facillitated between the Han of china and the Mauryan
Asokan dynasty of India, and the Parthians, descendants of Cyrus,
Xerxes and Alexander's Generals of Persia to the Roman Empire of the
Mediterraniean.

During this period Trade between India and China began to commence
with the silk route importation of metaphysical Tai Chi and Kung Fu,
along with the Buddhist philosophical thought of the Theravadan
Tripitaka, Pali Canon and importation of Mahayana commentary by
Kumarajiva, and Nagarjuna, (Mahamadyikma,
http://www.khandro.net/Bud_philo_Madhyamika.htm , Sunyata, the Great
Void School) http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9001321 and
also see
http://www.iep.utm.edu/n/nagarjun.htm ) propagated by Chinese pilgrims
to India disseminating such thought upon returning to China, chiefly
the most famous of them being Fan Shen, Bodhi Dharma, and Zhuang
tZuan, (Hsuang Tzuan) the first pioneers across the Tamalakarand
XinJiang desert beginning in the latter half of the second century
B.C.E. to about the end of the 7th century C.E.

During this time the pilgrmage Stupas, of Swayambunath
( http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/swayambh.html ) and Bhodunath,
http://www.exodus.co.uk/picfiles/a00hp49a.html were constructed and as
legend would have it by Padmasambhava himself. Inside these temples
legend maintained the existence of secret caverns, where death to all
mortals prevailed and the existence of Naga dragon guardian Serpent
kings.

The decline of the han saw the rise of the Tang Dynasty in China
beginning about roughly in the 7th century and ending roughly in the
9th century. (600 C.E. to about 900 C.E. Tang China's most powerful
Ruler, Tang Taitzu still nonetheless had his capital, Changan sacked
and held for 30 days by 250,000 Tibetan Calvarymen of the northern
Western Tibetan Tribes led by Gyalpo Srongtsen Gampo. A treaty was
concluded in approximately 760 C.E whichwas formalized by stone
pillars erected in both Changan and the Tibetan capital of Lhasa which
stipulated the equalness and equality of the hegemonic temporal power
both nation states shared in the Indian middle eastern Silk Route
trade routes. As a condition of the treaty between Tibet and China,
the chinese emperor seceded his daughter Princess Wen Chen, along with
the arrival of the Jowo Sakyamuni statue to the Jokhang cathedral in
Lhasa. It was reputed that princess Wen Chen Brought the secrets of
chinese agriculture to the nomadic pastorlist Tibetans. Srongtsan
Gampo also took a nepalese bride from the King of Nepal.

The Tibetan Yarlung Dynasty began about approximately 225 B.C.E. when
legend had it that the first king of heaven descended from the sky on
a meteroite lightning bolt phurba. He was named Namri Sangpo.

In the 8th century tibetan kings opened up more cultural and
philosophical trade routes with India, and conquered, Ladhak and
Khotan during the regimes of Tri Song Detsun, (Thi Song Detsun) and
Hathori Nyantsen, and Ralpachen. During this period was marked by the
arrival of the Kashmiri Pandit, Padmasambhava who first pacified and
integrated Bonpo indigenous Tibetan occult theology with Tantric
Buddhist and Hindu theologies. India also borrowed much from tibet, as
it was reputed that the Home of Shiva was none other to be found then
in Mt. Kailash in Tibet.

Tibetan military dress was influenced both by Chinese armor
construction techniques as well as the importation of persian scale
mail. Tibetan cultural influences have been ecceltically varied from
cultural importation of Zorastrianism and Mongolian Shamanism.

The Tibetan Yarlung dynasty ended with the assasination of the Bon po
king Lang Darma and the rise of the Tibetan Priest Class to temporal
power.

Meanwhile in China the fall of the Tang at approximately the same time
of the assasination of lang darma culminated in the rise of the
Nothern - Southern Song (Sung) Dynasty which lasted from 960 C.E. to
about 1163 C.E. The bureacratic state philosophy of this time featured
the principle of Wu - Wei, or Void full non action, in the sense
that the ruler and the subjects existed in symbiotical rings of
temporal influence. The latter half of the Southern song (Sung)
Dynasty saw the formation of Chan Shaolin Buddhist warrior monks who
feuded with Mongolian Hsia, Hun, Shamanist Buddhist nomadic warrior
chieftans.

The Song dynasty was virtually entirely annihilated by Ghengiss,
(Chingiss) Temujin Khan, (b- 1163 c.e. d- 1227 c.e.) and also by his
grandson Kublai khan by 1242 C.E. with the formation of the Yuan
Dynasty. It was during this period that the Altaeic Pax mongolica
superseded the Pax Sinica and Centralization of the trade routes
between east and west opened up more far east trade with the Venetian
republics of Italy and the declining Maecadonian Byzantium Empire.
Marco polo an early Italian historian and merchant traveller to Kublai
khan's court and also the first importer of pasta from china left many
a account in his diary concerning the coutenance and the statecraft of
the Mongol Yuan Court.

During this time the Mongols made Tibet a military Protectorate and
enlisted the Tibetan Lama's as their Chief Shaman's. The most famous
of these Lama's was Sakya Pandita. The system of limited suzeranity
applied to Tibet by the Mongol Khans envisaged a Cho Yon, priest
patron relationship, with the priest obliged to pray for the welfare
and long life of the emperor, and the emperor, obliged to protect the
wealth and authority of the Kagyu Karmapa's and later Sakya and then
Gelugpa patriarchs of the Tibetan church as well as provide for the
national defense of the Tibetan state from foreign invaders. Unlike
Europe this was a centralized Feudal System unlike a decentralized
feudal system.

Meanwhile the Mongols rocketed across the Urals and sacked Russkian
Kiev and Novgorod and Vladimir Volynia, Suzdalia Rostav in the 1237 -
1242, winter military campaigns as well as Austria, Hungary and Poland
during the same period. Led by Temujin's Grandson, Batu the Russian
Mongols converted to Islam however they invested the title of Grand
Prince of Vladimir - Kiev with Alexander Nevsky a enobled Russian
orthodox saint and collaborater with the Mongols. Thus the Orthodox
Slavic Ruirkid Rus Dynasty was spared total annhilation.
see this link for more info:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00004XQN5/ref=pd_ecc_rvi_1/102-5157557-6512121
Eisenstein - The Sound Years (Ivan the Terrible Parts 1 & 2, Alexander
Nevsky) - Criterion Collection (1938)

The Yuan Dynasty fell in 1388. The Mongols continued to rule russia
until the rise of Ivan Grozny IV (Ivan Vassiliovich) when Moscow a
hill fort established by the Mongols superseded the Vladimir Suzdalian
Rostov, Pskov municipalities.

The Mongols would still continue to dominate Central Asia well into
the 17th and 18th centuries though later as decentralized tribal
confederacies.

The Ming Dynasty which began in 1388 also saw the catalouging of the
Yuan official court records, as recorded in the 'Yuan Po Pao Shi,'
also translated into English, as "the secret history of the Mongols,"
by the Harvard, Yen Ching Institute, see source:
Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingiss Khan by Paul
Kahn, Francis Woodman Cleaves
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0887272991/102-5157557-6512121?v=glance

The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1388 by a former Buddhist Peasant
monk. Pictorial portrait:
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/mingtaizu.html

The Ming dynasty was an age of great exploration and cultural
renesseance for the first half of the dynasty. During this time many
seafaring voyages to Africa and the mideast occured until the rise of
the Portegeuse and the Dutch hegemons of the West. However, somewhere
during the middle half of the dynasty, due to the proliferation of
bureacratic Eunuchs in the royal household circumvented the
centripetal authority of the Emperor. The latter half of the Ming
Dynasty was known as the Great Withdrawal period were China once had
the technoligical crest of civilization then due to western hegemonic
consolidation of the Silk Road Gun Powder and Ship Wright construction
trade fell behind the west. The Ming Dynasty fell in 1644.

They were replaced by Manchurian Jin Tribesman led by the tetrarchy of
Dorgan, Nur Haichi and Hong Taiji who established the Qing (Pure)
Dynasty. The greatest rulers of this dynasty were KangXi, 1654—1722
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qing1204.html
selected reading:
http://web.archive.org/web/20020316043349/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history92a/readings/kangziyongzheng.html

YongZhen, and Qianlong. After these regimes the neo Confucian Qing
state began to bureacratically and inertially implode due to the
Protestant opium wars. The Qing dynasty fell in 1911, when the boy
emperor Pu Yi was deposed by Yuan Shi Kai.

Republican China began with Sun Yat sen.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor.html

Brian Damage

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Oct 26, 2004, 8:44:20 PM10/26/04

Seen any black helicopters lately, Tommy?

thoma...@hotmail.com (Thomas J Wheat) wrote in message news:<57cf3dba.04102...@posting.google.com>...

> Dynasty. The greatest rulers of this dynasty were KangXi, 1654?1722

Thomas J Wheat

unread,

Oct 27, 2004, 12:07:22 PM10/27/04

yes, apache c130 helicopter gunships, for ashkeNazi White
midwesterners in america and in Jerusalem and EM project aurora.
In other news here is some imperial chinese art.
Also Iam a member of the NKFA
http://lodestar.yandex.ru/
drop me a line @ s01...@yahoo.com
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: thoma...@hotmail.com (Thomas J Wheat)
Newsgroups:
talk.politics.tibet,soc.culture.china,talk.politics.china,soc.culture.israel,sonoma.general
Subject: some photos of Imperial china
NNTP-Posting-Host: 198.189.140.229
Message-ID: <57cf3dba.04102...@posting.google.com>

History of late imperial China and russia, & Communist Post Glasnost
eras
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/toms_files1/essays/frontpagerevolution.htm
Late Qing and modern chinese silk screen paintings
http://kaladarshan.arts.ohio-state.edu/exhib/gug/indxs/in/inchinptg.html

Timeline of Chinese Dynasties
http://chinapage.com/history/dyna1.html
mythical sage rulers
http://chinapage.com/history/chindate.html

http://web.archive.org/web/20031206150336/www.jilin.gov.cn/whg/py-en.htm
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor.html

1. Aisin-Gioro﹞ Pu Yi, 3 years old in 1908 when he was enthroned to
be Emperor Xuan Tong, the 10th emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the last
emperor of China.
2. Pu Yi, 11 years old, ascended the throne once more in 1917
during the farce of the restoration of the dethroned Qing's Emperor by
Warlord ZhangXun

3. Pu Yi, living a stupid, cowardly and timid life in Tianjin

4. Pu Yi, 28 years old, mounted the throne to be puppet Emperor of
the puppet Manchurian regime fostered by Japanese invaders on March 1,
1934

8. 5. Petitions read and commented on by Pu Yi

6. Vase sent to Pu Yi by Japanese empress dowager

7. Souvenir Badge for Pu Yi to come to the throne as puppet Manchurian
regime issued on March 1,1934

9. Wan Rong, Empress of the puppet Manchurian regime, last Empress of
China.

10. Tan Yuling, High-ranking Concubine Mingxian conferred on her by Pu
Yi during the period of puppet Manchurian regime

11. Li Yuqin, Concubine Fu conferred on her by Pu Yi during the period
of puppet Manchurian regime

12. Wen Xiu, High-ranking Concubine conferred Shu on her by Pu Yi in
Beijing's Imperial Palace.

13. Pu Yi, reforming through labor in Fushun War Criminal Supervisory
Station

14. Pu Yi, being an ordinary citizen of New China.

15. Pu Yi, being a citizen of New China, and his wife Li Shuxian's
group photo taken to mark their marriage

殿隙
----------------------------------------------------------------------

16. Portraits of Chinese Emperors
http://chinapage.com/emperor/sanhuang0001.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/wudi0005.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/wudi0007.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/wudi0008.html

Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

a. Qin ShiHuangDi
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qin1001.html

Historical portrait paintings

Huang Di
http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/huangdi.html

Han dynasty emperor stone carving engraving
http://www.chinapage.com/images/gaozu.jpg

b. http://www.chinapage.com/painting/tangtaizong.html

c. Emperor Taizong - Tang Dynasty
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/tangtaizong.html
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/tangtaizong2.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/tang0801.html

d. Emperor WenDi - Sui Dynasty

Song Dynasty Taitzu
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/taizu.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/sui0701.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/sui0702.html

A. Gheghis Khan
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/gheghis.html

B. Khubilai Khan Shizu
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kublai.html

Picture of one of Kublai Khan's wives,
A Nestorian Christain
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kublaiqueen.html

C. Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty

D. Kangxi
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kangxi2.html
http://www.chinapage.com/painting/kangxi4.html

1. ShiZu ShunZhi

E. Emperor Kangxi - Qing Dynasty
http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1204.html
http://chinapage.com/painting/kangxi2.html

-----

----

F. Emperor QianLong - Qing Dynasty
http://chinapage.com/painting/qianlong.html
http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1201.html
TaiZong
http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1202.html

http://chinapage.com/emperor/qing1203.html

G. PuYi XuanTong

H. Empress Dowager Cixi (Cunt bitch)
http://chinapage.com/biography/cixi.html

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dynasties and Rulers of China
China has had a long history of successive rulers from mythical sages
to real people documented in historical chronicles. Below is a list of
rulers by their reign title. Only the main dynastic players in Chinese
history are listed.
The first section lists the mythical and semi-mythical rulers. These
contributed towards the development of Chinese culture in general by
their teaching of important skill to the people. The founders of the
Xia4, Shang1 and Zhou1 dynasties are important only as signposts in
the timeline, the transition between the mythical and the historical.

In the second section, Dynastic China, the major dynasties are given
together with reign titles and dates. The names of the founders of
those dynasties are given in brackets. The year given against each
ruler is the year (in the Western calendar) of ascension the throne.

We end with the third section, post imperial Modern China.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mythical - Semi-Mythical Rulers
Mythical Rulers 50,000 BC - 2700 BC
Pre-historic
有巢 (You3Chao2)
燧人 (Sui4Ren2) - Taught man to use fire to cook
三皇
伏羲 (Fu2Xi1) - First taught the people fishing, herd domestication,
and the inventor of the octogram and writing.
女媧 (N�wa1) - Younger sister of 伏羲, fashioned four pillars of
multicoloured stone set upon the back of a turtle to prop up the
heavens.
神農 (Shen2Nong2) - Introduced agriculture, medicines and healing and
the formulated the 64 hexagrams.
Semi-mythical Rulers
五帝 (Wu3Di4) 2697 BC - 2033 BC
黃帝 (Huang2Di4) Inventor of the calendar, music, presided over the
systemisation written language and healing
倉頡 (Cang1Ji2) , minister to 黃帝, systemised the written language.
顓頊 (Zhuan1Xu1) grandson of 黃帝, lived in Gao1Yang2 高陽 in modern
Henan 河2南2 province
帝嚳 (Di4Ku4) (嚳 Ku4) Great grandson of 黃帝
唐堯 (Tang2Yao2) (堯 Yao2) Said to have created a the calendar,
Great-great grandson of 黃帝, fifty years on the throne, ruled wisely.
虞舜 (Yu2Shun4) (舜 Shun4) Took reign after 堯 retired, controlled
water and noted for his filial piety.
三代 (San1 Dai4) Three Dynasties of the semi-mythical age
禹 (Yu3) founder of 夏 the Xia4 Dynasty
湯 (Tang1) founder of 殷 the Yin1 (商 Shang1) Dynasty
武 (Wu2) founder of 西周 (Xi1Zhou1) the Western Zhou Dynasty
先王 (Xian1Wang2) Ancient Kings of the mythical - semi-mythical age
堯 great-great grandson of 黃帝
舜 reign after 堯 retired
禹 founder of 夏 the Xia Dynasty
湯 founder of 殷 the Yin (商) or Shang Dynasty
文 (Wen2) father of 武
武 founder of 西周 the Western Zhou Dynasty
三代之聖王 (SanDai zi ShengHuang) Sage Kings of the Three Dynasties
禹 first ruler of 夏 the Xia Dynasty
湯 first ruler of 殷 the Yin (商) or Shang Dynasty
文 called 姬昌 was father to 武
武 first ruler of 西周 the Western Zhou Dynasty
三代之暴君 (SanDai zi BaoJun) Cruel Rulers of the Three Dynasties
桀 (Jie2) last ruler of 夏 the Xia Dynasty (died 1562? BC)
紂 (Zhou4) last ruler of 殷 the Yin (商) or Shang Dynasty (died 1050)
幽 (Yuo1) last ruler of 西周 the Western Zhou Dynasty (died 771 BC)
厲 (Li4) cruel ruler during 西周 the Western Zhou Dynasty (died 826
BC)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dynastic China
Xia4 夏 2033-1562 BC
禹 Yu3 First ruler of Xia, tamed floods, one of the Sage kings
啟 Qi3
太康 Tai4 Kang1
仲康 Zhong4 Kang1
相 Xiang1
少康 Shao3 Kang1
杼 Zhu4
槐 Huai2
芒 Mang2
泄 Xie4
不降 Bu4 Jiang4
扃 Jiong1
廑 Jin3
孔甲 Kong3 Jia3
皋 Gao1
發 Fa1
履癸 L� Gui3 (桀 Jie2)

Shang1 商 1562-1066 BC
湯 Tang1 overthrew the tyrannical ruler 桀 of the 夏 tribe. A Sage
king
外丙 Wai4 Bing3
仲壬 Zhong4 Ren2
太甲 Tai4 Jia3
沃丁 Wo4 Ding1
太庚 Tai4 Geng1
小甲 Xiao3 Jia3
雍己 Yong1 Ji3
太戊 Tai4 Wu4
仲丁 Zhong4 Ding1
外壬 Wai4 Ren2
河亶甲 He2 Dan3 Jia3
祖乙 Zu3 Yi3
祖辛 Zu3 Xin1
沃甲 Wo4 Jia3
祖丁 Zu3 Ding1
南庚 Nan2 Geng1
陽甲 Yang2 Jia3
盤庚 Pan2 Geng1
小辛 Xiao3 Xin1
小乙 Xiao3 Yi3
武丁 Wu3 Ding1
祖庚 Zu3 Geng1
祖甲 Zu3 Jia3
廩辛 Lin3 Xin1
庚丁 Geng1 Ding1
武乙 Wu3 Yi3
太丁 Tai4 Ding1 (文丁 Wen2 Ding1)
帝乙 Di4 Yi3
帝辛 Di4 Xin1 (紂 Zhou4)

Zhou1 Dynasty 周
武 (Wu3) name 武王姬發 (Wu3Wang2 Ji1Fa1) established the Zhou1
Dynasty. A Sage King. Father of 成王 (Cheng2Wang2).
文 (Vun2) father of 武 (name 西佰昌 Xi1Bai3Chang1) ancestor of the
dukes of the 魯 Lu3 and 晉 Jin4 states during the Zhou1 Dynasty.
Western Zhou1 西周 (Xi1 Zhou1) 1066-771 BC
武王 King Wu3 (姬發 Ji1 Fa1)
成王 King Cheng2
康王 King Kang1
昭王 King Zhao1
穆王 King Mu4
共王 King Gong1
懿王 King Yi4
孝王 King Xiao4
夷王 King Yi2
厲王 King Li4
共和行政 (Regency after death of King Li4) 841 BC
宜王 King Yi2 827 BC
幽王 King You1 781 BC

Eastern Zhou1 東周 (Dong1 Zhou1) 770-256 BC
平王 King Ping2 (姬宜臼 Ji1 Yi2Jiu4) 770 BC
桓王 King Huan2 719 BC
莊王 King Zhuang1 696 BC
釐王 King Li2 681 BC
惠王 King Hui4 676 BC
襄王 King Xiang1 651 BC
頃王 King Qing3 618 BC
匡王 King Kuang1 612 BC
定王 King Ding4 606 BC
簡王 King Jian3 585 BC
靈王 King Ling2 571 BC
景王 King Jing3 544 BC
敬王 King Jing4 519 BC
元王 King Yuan2 475 BC
貞定王 King Zhen1 Ding4 468 BC
考王 King Xiao4 440 BC
威烈王 King Wei1 Lie4 425 BC
安王 King An1 401 BC
烈王 King Lie4 375 BC
顯王 King Xian3 368 BC
慎靚王 King Shen4 Jing4 320 BC
赧王 King Nan3 314 BC

Spring and Autumn Period 春秋 (Chun1 Qiu1) 770-476 BC
Warring States 戰國 (Zhan4 Guo2) 475-221 BC (Seven Most Powerful
States)
Qin2 秦
昭襄王 King Zhao1 Xiang1 (嬴則 Ying2 Ze2) 306 BC
孝文王 King Xiao4 Wen2 250 BC
莊襄王 King Zhuang1 Xiang1 249 BC
始皇帝 Qin2 Shi3 Huang2 Di4 (嬴政 Ying2 Zheng4) 246 BC see Qin 秦
below
二世皇帝 Er4 Shi4 Huang2 Di4 209 BC

Wei4 魏
Zhao4 趙
Han2 韓
Chu3 楚
Yan4 燕
Qi2 齊etc.
Qin2 秦 221-207 BC
始皇帝 Qin2 Shi3 Huang2 Di4 (嬴政 Ying2 Zheng4) 246 BC The First
Emperor of Qin China
二世皇帝 Er4 Shi4 Huang2 Di4 209 BC The Second Emperor of Qin China

Han4 漢
Western Han 西漢 (Xi1 Han4) 206 BC - 8 AD
高帝 Emperor Gao1 (劉邦 Liu2 Bang1) 206 BC
惠帝 Emperor Hui4 194 BC
高后 Emperess Gao1 187 BC
文帝 Emperor Wen2 179 BC
景帝 Emperor Jing3 156 BC
武帝 Emperor Wu3 140 BC
昭帝 Emperor Zhao1 86 BC
宣帝 Emperor Xuan1 73 BC
元帝 Emperor Yuan2 48 BC
成帝 Emperor Cheng2 32 BC
哀帝 Emperor Ai1 6 BC
平帝 Emperor Ping2 1 AD
孺子嬰 (王莽攝政) Child heir, regent Wang Mang 6 AD
Xin1 新 9AD - 25 AD
王莽 Wang2 Mang3 9 AD
更始帝 Emperor Shi3 Geng1 (劉玄 Liu2 Xuan2) 23 AD
Eastern Han 東漢 (Dong1 Han4) 25 - 220 AD
光墓帝 Emperor Guang1 Mu4(劉秀 Liu2 Xiu4) 25 AD
明帝 Emperor Ming2 56
章帝 Emperor Zhang1 76
和帝 Emperor He2 89
殤帝 Emperor Shang1 106
安帝 Emperor An1 107
順帝 Emperor Shun4 126
沖帝 Emperor Chong1 145
質帝 Emperor Zhi4 146
桓帝 Emperor Huan2 147
靈帝 Emperor Ling2 168
少帝 Emperor Shao3 189
獻帝 Emperor Xian4 189

Three Kingdoms 三國 (San1 Guo2) 220 - 265
Wei4 魏 220-265
文帝 Wen2 Di4 (曹丕 Cao2 Pi1) 220
明帝 Ming2 Di4 227
齊王 Qi2 Wang2 240
高貴鄉公 Gao1 Gui4 Xiang2 Gong1 254
元帝 Yuan2 Di4 260

Shu3 Han4 蜀漢 221-263
昭烈帝 Zhao1 Lie4 Di4 (劉備 Liu2 Bei4) 221
後主 Hou4 Zhu3 223

Wu2 吳 222-280
大帝 Da4 Di4 222
會稽王 Hui4 Ji1 252
景帝 Jing3 Di4 258
末帝 Mo4 Di4 264

Jin4 晉 265-420
Western Jin4 西晉 (Xi1 Jin4) 265-317
武帝 Wu3 Di4 (司馬炎 Si1 Ma3 Yan2) 265
惠帝 Hui4 Di4 290
懷帝 Huai2 Di4 307
愍帝 Min3 Di4 313

Eastern Jin4 東晉 (Dong1 Jin4) 317-420
元帝 Yuan2 Di4 (司馬睿 Si1 Ma3 Rui4) 317
明帝 Ming2 Di4 318
成帝 Cheng2 Di4 322
康帝 Kang1 Di4 317
穆帝 Mu4 Di4 345
哀帝 Ai1 Di4 362
海西公 Hai2 Xi1 Gong1 366
簡文帝 Jian3 Wen2 Di4 371
孝武帝 Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 373
安帝 An1 Di4 397
恭帝 Gong1 Di4 419

Sixteen States 十六國 (Shi2 Liu4 Guo2)
Han4 漢 (Former Zhao 前趙 Qian2 Zhao4) 304-328
Ran2 Wei4 冉魏 (Later Zhao 後趙 Hou4 Zhao4) 319-352
Cheng2 成 (Han4 漢) 303-347
Former Qin2 前秦 (Qian2 Qin2) 351-394
Former Yan4 前燕 (Qian2 Yan4) 307-370
Late Yan4 後燕 (Hou4 Yan4) 384-409
Southern Yan4 南燕 (Nan2 Yan4) 398-410
Late Qin2 後秦 (Hou4 Qin2) 384-417
Xia4 夏 407-431
Northern Wei4 北魏 (Bei3 Wei4) 409-436
Former Liang2 前涼 (Bei3 Liang2) 313-376
Late Liang2 後涼 (Hou4 Liang2) 386-403
Southern Liang2 南涼 (Nan2 Liang2) 397-414
Northern Liang2 北涼 (Bei3 Liang2) 397-439
Western Liang2 西涼 (Xi1 Liang2) 400-421
Western Qin2 西秦 (Xi1 Qin1) 385-431
Northern and Southern Dynasties 南北朝 (Nan2 Bei3 Chao2)
Southern Dynasties 南朝 (Nan2 Chao2)
Song4 宋 420-479
武帝 Wu3 Di4 (劉裕 Liu2 Yu4) 420
少帝 Shao3 Di4 423
文帝 Wen2 Di4 424
孝武帝 Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 454
前廢帝 Qian2 Fei4 Di3 465
明帝 Ming2 Di4 465
後廢帝 Hou4 Fei4 Di4 473
順忱帝 Shun4 Chen2 477

Qi2 齊 479-502
高帝 Gao1 Di4 (蕭道成 Xiao1 Dao3 Cheng2) 479
武帝 Wu3 Di4 483
鬱林王 Yu4 Lin2 Wang2 494
海陵王 Hai3 Ling2 Wang2 494
明帝 Ming2 Di4 494
東昏侯 Dong1 Hun1 Hou2 499
和帝 He2 Di4 501

Liang2 梁 502-557
武帝 Wu3 Di4 (蕭衍 Xiao1 Yan3) 502
簡文帝 Jian3 Wen2 Di4 550
元帝 Yuan2 Di4 552
敬帝 Jing4 Di4 555

Chen2 陳 557-589
武帝 Wu3 Di4 (陳霸先 Chen2 Ba4 Xian1) 557
文帝 Wen2 Di4 560
廢帝 Fei4 Di4 567
宣帝 Xuan1 Di4 569
後主 Hou4 Zhu3 587

Northern Dynasties 北朝 (Bei3 Chao2)
Northern Wei4 北魏 (Bei3 Wei4) 386-534
道武帝 Dao4 Wu3 Di4 (拓跋珪 Tuo4 Ba2 Gui1) 386
明元帝 Ming2 Yuan2 Di4 409
太武帝 Tai4 Wu3 Di4 424
南安王 Nan2 An1 Di4 452
文成帝 Wen2 Cheng2 Di4 452
獻文帝 Xian4 Wen3 Di4 466
孝文王 Xiao4 Wen2 Di4 471
宣武帝 Xuan1 Wu3 Di4 500
孝明帝 Xiao4 Ming2 Di4 516
孝莊帝 Xiao4 Zhuang1 Di4 528
長廣王 Chang2 Guang1 Wang2 530
節閔帝 Jie1 Min3 Di4 531
安定王 An1 Ding4 Wang2 532
孝武帝 Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 532

Eastern Wei4 東魏 (Dong1 Wei4) 534-550
孝靜帝 Xiao4 Jing4 Di4 (元善見 Yuan2 Shan4 Jian4) 534
Northern Qi2 北齊 (Bei3 Qi2) 550-577
文宣帝 Wen2 Xuan1 Di4 (高洋 Gao1 Yang2) 550
廢帝 Fei4 Di4 560
孝昭帝 Xiao4 Zhao1 Di4 560
武成帝 Wu3 Cheng2 Di4 561
後主 hou4 Zhu3 565
幼主 You4 Zhu3 577

Western Wei4 西魏 (Xi1 Wei4) 535-556
文帝 Wen2 Di4 (元寶炬 Yuan2 Bao3 Ju4) 535
廢帝 Fei4 Di4 552
恭帝 Gong1 Di4 554

Northern Zhou1 北周 (Bei3 Zhou1) 557-581
孝閔帝 Xiao4 Min3 Di4 (宇文覺 Yu3 Wen2 Jiao4) 557
明帝 Ming2 Di4 557
武帝 Wu3 Di4 561
宣帝 Xuan1 Di4 579
靜帝 Jing4 Di4 579

Sui2 隋 581-618
文帝 Wen2 Di4 (楊堅 Yang2 Jian1) 581
煬帝 Yang2 Di4 605
義寧 Yi4 Ning2 617

Tang2 唐 618-907
高祖 Gao1 Zu3 (李淵 Li3 Yuan1) 618
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 627
高宗 Gao1 Zong1 650
中宗 Zhong1 Zong1 684
睿宗 Rui4 Zong1 684
武后 Wu3 Hou4 (武曌 Wu3 Zhao4) 684

Zhou1 周 690-705
武后 Wu3 Hou, Empress Wu3 (武則天 Wu3 Ze2 Tian1) 690
中宗 Zhong1 Zong1 (李顯 Li3 Xian3) 705
殤帝 Shang1 Di4 710
睿帝 Rui4 Di4 710
玄帝 Xuan2 Di4 712
肅宗 Su4 Zong1 756
代宗 Dai4 Zong1 762
德宗 De2 Zong1 780
順宗 Shun4 Zong1 805
憲宗 Xian4 Zong1 806
穆宗 Mu4 zong1 821
敬宗 Jing4 Zong1 825
文宗 Wen2 Zong1 826
武宗 Wu3 Zong1 841
宣宗 Xuan1 Zong1 847
懿宗 Yi4 Zong1 859
僖宗 Xi1 Zong1 874
昭宗 Zhao1 Zong1 889
哀宗 Ai1 Zong1 904

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 (Wu3 Dai4 Shi2 Guo2)
Five Dynasties 五代 (Wu2 Dai4)
Later Liang2 後梁 (Hou Liang2) 907-923
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (朱晃 Zhu1 Huang3) 907
末帝 Mo1 Di4 913

Later Tang2 後唐 (Hou4 Tang2) 923-936
莊宗 Zhuang1 Zong1 (李存勖 Li3 Cun2 Xu4) 923
明宗 Ming2 Zong1 926
閔帝 Min3 Di4 934
末帝 Mo4 Di4 934

Later Jin4 後晉 (Hou4 Jin4) 936-946
高祖 Gao1 Zu3 (石敬瑭 Shi2 Jing3 Tang2) 936
出帝 Chu1 Di4 943

Later Han4 後漢 (Hou4 Han4) 947-950
高祖 Gao1 Zu3 (劉暠 Liu2 Hao4) 947
隱帝 Yin3 Di4 949

Later Zhou1 後周 (Hou4 Zhou1) 951-960
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (郭威 Guo1 Wei1) 951
世宗 Shi4 Zong1 955
恭帝 Gong1 Di4 960

Ten Kingdoms 十國 (Shi2 Guo2)
Wu2 吳 902-937
Former Shu3 前蜀 (Qian2 Shu3) 907-925
Wu2 Yue4 吳越 907-978
Chu3 楚 907-951
Min3 閩 909-945
Nan2 Han4 南漢 917-971
Jing1 Nan2 荊南 (Nan2 Ping2 南平) 924-963
Later Shu3 後蜀 (Hou4 Shu3) 934-965
Southern Tang2 南唐 (Nan2 Tang2) 937-975
Northern Han4 北漢 (Bei3 Han4) 951-979 etc
Song4 Dynasty 宋
Northern Song4 北宋 (Bei3 Song4) 960-1127
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (趙匡胤 Zhao4 Kuang1 Yin4) 960
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 976
真宗 Zhen1 Zong1 998
仁宗 Ren2 Zong1 1023
英宗 Ying2 Zong1 1064
神宗 Shen2 Zong1 1068
哲宗 Zhe2 Zong1 1086
徽宗 Hui1 Zong1 1101
欽宗 Qin1 Zong1 1126

Southern Song4 南宋 (Nan2 Song4) 1127-1279
高宗 Gao1 Zong1 (趙構 Zhao4 Gou4) 1127
孝宗 Xiao4 Zong1 1163
光宗 Guang1 Zong1 1190
寧宗 Ning2 Zong1 1195
理宗 Li1 Zong1 1225
度宗 Du4 Zong1 1265
恭帝 Gong1 Di4 1275
端宗 Huan4 Zong1 1276
帝昺 Di4 Bing3 1278

Liao2 遼 916-1125 ( 契丹 Qi4Dan1 The Khitans [situated in N.E. China])
The dynasty originally arose in 907 AD, and was called the Khitans
契丹 (QiDan) but its name changed to Liao2 遼 in 938 AD, back to
Khitan in 983 AD and back to Liao again in 1066 AD.
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (耶律阿保機 Ye2 L� A1 Bao3 Ji1) 907
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 927
世宗 Shi4 Zong1 947
穆宗 Mu4 Zong1 951
景宗 Jing3 Zong1 969
聖宗 Sheng4 Zong1 982
興宗 Xing1 Zong1 1031
道宗 Dao4 Zong1 1055
天祚帝 Tian1 Zuo4 Di4 1101

Western Xia4 西夏 (Xi1 Xia4) 1032-1226 (The Tanguts 黨項 Dang3Xiang4
[inhabited the Ordos])

景宗 (李元昊 Li3 Yuan2Hao4) 1032
毅宗 Yi4 Zong1 1049
惠宗 Hui4 Zong1 1057
崇宗 Chong2 Zong1 1086
仁宗 Ren2 Zong1 1140
桓宗 Huan2 Zong1 1194
襄宗 Xiang1 Zong1 1206
神宗 Shen2 Zong1 1211
獻宗 Xian4 Zong1 1223
南平王 Nan2 Ping2 Wang2 1226

Jin2 金 1115-1234 (The Jurchens [defeated their rulers the Khitans])
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (完顏旻 Yuan2 Yan2 Min2) 1115
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 1123
熙宗 Xi1 Zong1 1135
海陵王 Hai3 Ling2 Wang2 1149
世宗 Shi4 Zong1 1161
章宗 Zhuang1 Zong1 1190
衛紹王 Wei4 Shao4 Wang2 1209
宣宗 Xuan4 Zong1 1213
哀宗 Ai1 Zong1 1224
末帝 Mo4 Di4 1234

Yuan2 元 1279-1368
Mongol 蒙古 (Meng3 Gu3) Dynasty
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (孛兒只斤鐵木真 Bei4 Er2 Zhi3 Jin1 Tie3 Mu4 Zhen1 /
Temujin / Genghis Khan / Chingiz) 1206
拖雷 Tuo1 Lei2 / ToLui (監國) 1228
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 (窩闊臺狿鐰ei / Og飆鄜) 1229
乃馬真后 Nai3 Ma3 Zhen1 Hou4 / T顤egene (稱制 Queen Regent) 1242
定宗 Ding4 Zong1 (貴由 G) 1246
海迷失后 Hai3 Mi2 Shi1 Hou4 / Ogul Gaimysh / Oghul Qaimish (稱制 Queen
Regent) 1249
憲宗 Xian4 Zong1 (蒙哥 M霵gke / M霵gk� 1251
世祖 Shi4 Zu3 (忽必烈 Hu1 Bi4 Lie4 / Kublai Khan / Qubilai) 1260

Kublai Khan names his dynasty "Yuan2 元" in 1271 and conquers Song4 宋
China in 1279

Yuan2 元 1279-1368
世祖 Shi4 Zu3 (忽必烈 Hu1 Bi4 Lie4 / Kublai Khan / Qubilai) 1279
成宗 Cheng2 Zong1 ( 鐵穆耳 Tie3 Mu4 Er3 / Tem / Tem 珸jeit� 1295
武宗 Wu2 Zong1 (海山 KhaiShan / Kuluk) 1308
仁宗 Ren2 Zong1 (愛育黎拔力八達 Ayurparibhadra / Buyantu /
Ayurbarwada) 1312
英宗 Ying1 Zong1 (碩德爸剌 Sudhipala / Shidebala) 1321
泰定帝 Tai4 Ding4 Di4 (也孫鐵木兒 Yes Tem) 1324
天順帝 Tian1 Shun4 Di4 (阿速吉八 Asikipa / Aragibag) 1328
文宗 Wen2 Zong1 (圖帖睦爾 Togh Tem / Toq Tem) 1328
明宗 Ming2 Zong1 (和世**剌 Kushala / Qoshila) 1329

** The last character in 和世剌 is unavailable in the Big5 Character
set. It is composed of 王剌 although the Unicode 3.0 CJK UI Extention
A now contains this character at U+3EDD or 16093 㻝.
寧宗 Ning2 Zong1 (懿璘質班 Rinchen Pal / Irinjibal) 1332
順帶 Shun4 Di4 (妥權帖睦爾 Toghan Tem / Toghon Tem) 1333

Ming2 明 1368-1661
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (朱元璋 Zhu1 Yuan2 Zhuang1) 1368
惠帝 Hui4 Di4 1399
成祖 Cheng2 Zu3 1403
仁宗 Ren2 Zong1 1425
宣宗 Xuan1 Zong1 1426
英宗 Ying1 Zong1 1436
代宗 Dai4 Zong1 1450
英宗 Ying1 Zong1 1457
憲宗 Xian4 Zong1 1465
孝宗 Xiao4 Zong1 1488
武宗 Wu3 Zong1 1506
世宗 Shi4 Zong1 1522
穆宗 Mu4 Zong1 1567
神宗 Shen2 Zong1 1573
光宗 Guang1 Zong1 1620
熹宗 Xi1 Zong1 1621
思宗 Si1 Zong1 1628

Qing1 清 1636-1911
Also known as the Man3 Zhou1 Manchu 滿州 Dynasty
Later Jin1 後金 1616-1636
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 天命 Tian1 Ming4
(愛新覺羅努爾哈赤 Ai4 Xin1 Jue2 Luo2 Nu2 Er3 Ha3 Chi4, Aisin Gioro
Nurhachi) 1616

太宗 Tai4 Zong1 天聰 Tian1 Cong1 1627
世祖 Shi4 Zu3 順治 Shun4 Zhi4 1634

Shun4 Zhi4 changes the dynastic name Later Jin1 後金 to Qing1 清 in
1636, conquering Ming 明 China in 1644
Qing1 清 1644 - 1911
世祖 Shi4 Zu3 順治 Shun4 Zhi4 1644
聖祖 Sheng4 Zu3 康熙 Kang1 Xi1 1662
世宗 Shi4 Zong1 雍正 Yong1 Zheng4 1723
高宗 Gao1 Zong1 乾隆 Qian2 Long2 1736
仁宗 Ren2 Zong1 嘉慶 Jia1 Qing4 1796
宣宗 Xuan1 Zong1 道光 Dao4 Guang1 1821
文宗 Wen2 Zong1 咸豐 Xian2 Feng1 1851
穆宗 Mu4 Zong1 同治 Tong2 Zhi4 1862
德宗 De2 Zong2 光緒 Guang2 Xu4 1875
溥儀 Pu3 Yi4 宣統 Xuan1 Tong3 1909

Kingdom of Heavenly Peace 太平天國 (Tai4 Ping2 Tian1 Guo2) 1850-1864
洪秀全 Hong2 Xiu4 Quan2 (b.1813 d. 1 June 1864) 1850

Hong2 Xiu4 Quan is said to have commited suicide by taking poison, and
was suceeded by his son,
洪天貴福 Hong2 Tian1Gui4 Fu2 (b. 23 Nov 1849 d. 18 Nov 1864) 1864
The Fu2 character in Hong2 Tian1Gui4 Fu2 洪天貴福 was appended to his
name by his father when he was twelve years old. TianGui Fu continues
the Tai4 Ping2 Tian1 Guo2 until his surrender, capture and execution
of his followers. He dies a few days before his fifteenth birthday
having succeeded his father for just over five and a half months.

滿洲國 Man1 Zhou1 Guo2 (Manchukuo) Puppet State 1932 - 1945
(愛新覺羅溥儀 Ai4 Xin1 Jue2 Luo2 Pu3 Yi4 / Aisin Gioro Pu Yi )
1932-1945

PuYi becomes Emperor of Manchukuo, 28 January 1932. Abidicated 15
August 1945 after Japanese surrender. Later, he was captured by the
Communists and reeducated, gaining a pardon on 4 December 1959 and
dies in 1967.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Modern China : Presidents of the Republic
Republic of China 中華民國 1912 -
孫文 Sun1 Wen2 (b. 1866 - d. 1925)

(孫中山 Sun1 Zhong1 Shan1, 孫逸仙 Sun1 Yi4 Xian1 / Sun Yat Sen) Jan -
Feb 1912
Proclaimed provisional president of the new Republic of China, with
negotiations occuring with the XuanTong court for the emperors
abdication (Feb 1912).
袁世凱 Yuan2 Shi4 Kai (Yn Shi-k'ai b. 1859 d. 1916) March 1912 - 6
June 1916

As part of the terms of the abdication, Yuan Shikai replaces Sun
YatSen and becomes the new provisional in March. He tries to proclaim
himself Emperor in January 1916, and forced by public opposition to
abandon that. He dies naturally, and the Age of the Warlords
effectively begins.
軍閥時代 Age of the Warlords1916-1928

Northern (北京 Beijing) Regime
黎元洪 Li Yuanhong (Li Yn-hung) 1916-1917
馮國璋 Feng Guozhang (Feng Kuo-chang) 1917-1918
徐世昌 Xu Shichang (Hs�Shih-ch'ang) 1918-1922
黎元洪 Li Yuanhong (Li Yn-hung) 1922-1923
曹錕 Cao Gun (Ts'ao Kun) 1923
段祺瑞 Duan Qirui (Tuan Chi-jui) 1924
Southern (廣州 Guangzhou and 南昌 Nanchang) Regimes
孫文 Sun Wen 1921-1925
Sun having spent some time in exile in Japan and in the West, returns
to China, and seeing the outcome of the age of Warlordism, tries to
set up a rival powerbase in Guangzhou. Since the foreign powers does
not recognise the southern parliament, the Guangzhou rump parliament
suffers from lack of financial support. Sun dies and succeeded by
Generalissimo Jiang Jieshi.
蔣介石 Jiang3 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1925 - 1928
After the death of Sun YatSen, Jiang sets about bringing China under
control, defeating the Warlords in the north and when he takes
Beijing/Peking, he is recognised as the true government of China.
Nationalist Government, China

蔣介石 Jiang2 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1928 - 1948

China becomes a one party state under the "Organic Law" of 1928. Jiang
contends with the Japanese occupation in the puppet state of
Manchukuo, Communists, and natural disasters. The economy suffers
inflation. After Japanese departure, civil war leads to defeat where
the nationalists flee to Taiwan in December 1948 with 2 million
supporters.
Nationalist government moved to Taiwan 1949 - present
蔣介石 Jiang2 Jie4 Shi2 (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1949 - 1975
After Jiang JieShi's death, Vice President Yen Chia-kan (Yan2 Jia1
Gan4 嚴家淦) becomes the acting president 1975 - 1978
蔣經國 Chiang Ching-Kuo (b. 1910 d. 1988) 1978 - 1988
李登輝 Li3 Deng1 Hui1 / Lee Teng-hui (b. 1923) 1988 - 2000
陳水扁 Chen2 Shui3 Bian3 (b. 1951) 2000 -

Communists

毛澤東 Mao ZeDong 1931 - 1949
Mao leads a band of Communist followers on what will become known as
The Long March when Jiang attacks them. Civil war occurs after the
departure of the Japanese forces, and won by the communists in 1949.

People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國 1949 - present

毛澤東 Mao2 Ze2 Dong1 / Mao Tse-Tung (b. 1893) 1949 - 1976
After Mao ZeDong's death, Prime Minister Hua4 Guo2 Feng1 (華國鋒)
becomes acting head of state 1976-1977
鄧小平 Deng4 Xiao3 Ping2 (b. 1902) 1976 - 1997
江澤民 Jiang1 Ze2 Ming2 (b. 1926) 1997 -
Also see the "Private life of Chairman Mao,"
by by LI ZHI-SUI
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679764437/qid=1098810985/sr=2-1/ref=pd_ka_b_2_1/002-1188373-5244849

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References
http://chinapage.com/history/chindate.html
Si Jiao Hao Ma Xin Ci Dian 四角號碼新詞典, Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan
商務印書館
Shang Wu Xin Zi Dian 商務新字典, Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan 商務印書館
Benesse KanWa Jiten 福武漢和辭典
From Emperor to Citizen, The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi.
Transl. W.J.F. Jenner

Chinese Western protestant Christain Imperialist opium War
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/fairbank.htm

<*** Interesting read on the Taiping rebellion of 1862 - 1867
God's Chinese Son, (The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong XiuQuan),
Jonathan Spence. Harper Collins, 1996. ISBN 0-00-255584-0. >
review
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/spence2.htm

Also see this book by Jonathan Spence
The Search for Modern China
by Jonathan D. Spence
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393307808/qid=1098811078/sr=2-1/ref=pd_ka_b_2_1/002-1188373-5244849

other books by this author
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author=Jonathan%20D.%20Spence/002-1188373-5244849

bio page:
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/10.18/04-spence.html
New york review of Books review
http://www.nybooks.com/authors/1633

A History of China, J.A.G. Roberts, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-65426-9
The Cambridge illustrated history of China, Patricia Buckley Ebrey,
Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43519-6 pbk / ISBN
0-521-66991-X hbk
Modern China - An Illustrated History, J.A.G. Roberts, Sutton Pub.
ISBN 0-86299-847-6
The Concise Encyclopedia of World History. Rodney Castleden
Ancestors - 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family, Frank Ching,
Harrap, ISBN 0-245-54675-8
The Mongols, E.D. Phillips. Thames and Hudson. 1969
The Mongol Warriors - Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Heg� Tamerlane.
David Nicolle. 1990. ISBN 1-85314-104-6
Ghengis Khan - Conqueror of the World. Leo De Hartog. I. B. Taurus
(publ.). 1989. ISBN 1-86064-375-2

Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies
by Jack A. Goldstone
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/015506679X/qid=1098812170/sr=1-3/ref=sr_1_3/002-1188373-5244849?v=glance&s=books
States and Social Revolutions : A Comparative Analysis of France,
Russia and China
by Theda Skocpol
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521294991/qid%3D1036885010/sr%3D2-1/ref%3Dsr%5F2%5F1/002-1188373-5244849
homepage
http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/skocpol/
----------------------------------------------------------
Republican China, 'Tongmeng hui'
http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/chen/append.html
http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/republican.html
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/zhou.htm
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/rankin.htm
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/isaacs.htm

Sun Yat-sen: Pragmatism without ideology
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/hess.htm

In his work on Yen Fu, Benjamin Schwartz notes a very interesting
conversation held between Yen and Sun Yat-sen in 1905. In reacting to
Yen's call for a slower program focusing on education, Sun allegedly
replies "How long can a man wait for the river to clear? You, sir, are
a thinker, I am a man of action" (Schwartz, p.145). How does Schiffrin
portray Sun then? He draws a similar conclusion. "He was an
improviser, not a political philosopher" ( Schiffrin, p.2). Again this
work fits in the familiar intellectual history mode, and focuses on
Sun's thoughts and actions. In terms of the standard for success under
discussion, does Sun represent a success or a failure? Schiffrin's
work focuses on the first decade of Sun's revolutionary activity from
1895 to 1905. This is an earlier period than that dealt with in the
above works, and the term revolution in this context is a bit
different.

It may be argued that "revolutionaries" in twentieth century China
shared certain beliefs despite the fact that the social and political
environments between these early revolutionaries (like Sun and the
radical students discussed by Rankin) were quite different from the
May Fourth milieu. Obviously they were all dissatisfied with China's
condition. They tended to share the belief that what was needed was a
program of action that could rapidly restore China's greatness. Speed
then was a crucial component for the revolutionary programs of both Li
Ta-chao and men like Sun. Li, however, focused on consciousness as a
key to societal transformation, and this became a cornerstone of the
revolutionary process for the CCP. This kind of program required an
ideological package linked to pragmatic applications of that ideology.
As Meisner points out, the "isms" so detested by the liberal
pragmatist Hu Shih, were essential for men like Li to carry out the
kind of rapid change they advocated. For many of the early
revolutionaries like those dealt with by Rankin, they did not have a
clear plan. Revolution was a means to overthrow the Ch'ing. These
radicals were often drawn to acts of terrorism and violence and
romantic self sacrifice and are not portrayed as having concrete,
pragmatic frameworks for their actions.

Schiffrin painstakingly describes Sun's failed attempts at carrying
out revolution during the period under examination. These were mostly
planned acts of violence, and it was hoped they would lead to the
capture of key cities like Canton (p.60). Throughout the book
Schiffrin finds Sun an extremely pragmatic character. His flexibility
and pragmatic techniques allowed him to search for support quickly
where and when he needed it. Thus Schiffrin points out that in a three
month period during the short-lived Waichow uprising he organized, Sun
had offered various foreign powers and reformers leadership roles and
power in the new administration he was fighting to build in return for
aid (p.240). "Sun needed help badly, and as usual, he was prepared to
share the spoils with anyone who offered deliverance" (p.237). The
very imperialist powers, Britain and Japan, so reviled by most
revolutionaries were courted by Sun to achieve his goals. Sun's
pragmatism and flexibility then, can be seen as coming at the cost of
a lack of principle and a lack of a strong ideological program tied to
his pragmatism. "Convinced that delay in changing China would invite
disaster, Sun preferred fluid tactics that promised quick results.
Matters of principle were less important; he always felt he could
properly use others to achieve his own patriotic ends" (p.5).

Schriffrin finds that it was not until Sun adapted once again and
linked up with the ideologically driven student intellectuals to form
the T'ung Meng Hui that he begins the path toward more successful
revolutionary action. The linkage of ideology and pragmatism in this
case involved the linkage of two separate groups. The students chose
Sun for his pragmatic leadership, Sun found them to possess the
ideological traits he lacked. Schiffrin correctly points out that they
did not learn anything new ideologically from Sun, who is portrayed
here as an entrepreneurial leader (p.365). Sun's attempts during this
period failed for a number of reasons, but his weak ideology was
perhaps his greatest flaw. The historical mode used to evaluate Sun
clearly points this out. It was not that Sun was without ideology, but
his thought was often so vague that it was difficult to
enthusiastically embrace them (p.365). The fact that so many groups,
the KMT, the CCP and even warlords like Feng Yu-hsiang were able to
use his principles so freely attests to their flexibility. He was too
pragmatic and flexible to restrain his actions with an ideological
program.

Early Chinese Revolutionaries: "The opposites of the Leninist
revolutionary type"

Mary Rankin's study focuses on the early revolutionaries and radical
student intellectuals, who like Sun, tried to carry out their own
versions of revolution from 1902 to 1911. She finds them successful
only in that they became prototypes for later revolutionaries of the
next few decades of the twentieth century (p.227). Unlike Sun Yat-sen,
they lacked pragmatism. While she is sensitive to the fact that
numerous structural factors of Chinese society at this time also
contributed to this group's failure, she does find that a major fault
was that they were too ideological driven, too idealistic. "In general
it can be said that their methods evolved less rapidly than their
theoretical ideas" (Rankin, p.14). Although this work is not purely
intellectual history, Rankin nonetheless focuses on the issue of
pragmatism and ideology, and finds that these early revolutionaries
lacked the former.

What then becomes of ideology without pragmatism? This question is
particularly important within the context of revolutionary movements.
Without a unified pragmatic organizational structure these early
revolutionaries lacked a realistic means to try to connect their
ideals of overthrowing the dynasty change with the realities of
Chinese society. Thus in her chapters dealing with the attempts made
by these radicals to carry out revolutionary reforms in rural settings
like Chekiang, Rankin finds them forced to work closely with local
elites promoting similar modernizing projects (p.159). Without true
revolutionary ideology, that which linked pragmatic strategy without
having to sacrifice one's ideals, it was often difficult to
distinguish moderate elites from these radicals (p.158). Rankin finds
many of these early revolutionaries drawn to acts of random violence
and self-sacrifice, strategies that were consistent with their
romantic ideals (p.176). Such attempts may have been good publicity
for radical aims, but destructive in the long term (p.176).

What emerges from these works then, is a view of success that
emphasizes ideology and pragmatism. Just having one and not the other
leads to failure. Ideology is not a rigid thing but must be
incorporated in and intertwined with pragmatism if it is to be
successfully "used". This appears to be the case in revolutionary
efforts to change society for example. Perhaps this is a universal way
to measure the success of such efforts regardless of which society or
what the time period. Is it fair or correct then for Rankin to compare
the revolutionaries of her study to later ones? "Ch'iu and Hsu were
the exact opposite of the Leninist type of revolutionary and their
efforts ended in personal testimonies of faith in revolution with
little thought of the futures of their organizations" (p.176). How, in
1907, were they to have developed the more sophisticated Leninist
organizational methods? In setting up this standard for success, how
much of it is tainted by this kind of hindsight?

The theme of the relationship of pragmatism and ideology has been
drawn largely from the works focusing on intellectual history. In the
China field, questions of how foreign ideology and thought was adapted
to the Chinese setting were a major component of Fairbank's broad
"response to the west" paradigm that emerged in the early 1950's
during the field's infancy. In this way, many of these monographs fit
neatly as bricks in the Fairbankian "wall." Indeed in his pioneering
work China's Response to the West Fairbank calls for such monographic
study as a crucial component to understanding China's modern history
(Teng and Fairbank, p.5). The focus was on intellectuals. Indeed,
access to China was impossible for these researchers at this time.
This severely limited the kinds of studies that could be done. With
access to many of the writings of these Chinese intellectuals in
American collections and in Taiwan, the plethora of intellectual
historical monographs on this subject makes sense.

The voices of the Chinese subjects themselves often emphasized the
issues stressed by these researchers. Naturally, intellectual
historians place great emphasis on ideas as forces that move history.
Specifically, the issues of pragmatism and ideology were themselves of
utmost importance to men like Li Ta-chao as he developed ways to adapt
Marxist ideology to a Chinese context. These researchers are dealing
with a very real and important question. One also wonders how much
their own personal politics and beliefs influence their work. Perhaps
men like Meisner, writing in the context of the Vietnam War, see in
men like Li their own hopes of the efficacy of intellectuals to
spearhead change in society.

The politics of the cold war must also be taken into account to
explain why such an emphasis was placed on modes of inquiry that
focused on ideology. Fairbank is clear in his introduction to China's
Response to the West that focusing on issues involving which Western
ideas were emphasized by Chinese revolutionaries and how they were
used was important for understanding the CCP's rise to power in China
(p.2). Out of political necessity, it was necessary to focus on the
rise of Marxist ideology in China, and how it was implemented. What
emerges in the literature is both a statement on the efficacy of the
right kind of ideology and of how it can be implemented in various
contexts. Pragmatism then was essential in order to implement a
foreign ideology with prescriptive qualities in China. An emphasis on
pragmatism also implies a focus on historical context. It focuses how
ideas are implemented on the ground in a given situation. This also
had political implications within an American context. Arguments
within the field regarding the uniqueness (or lack of) with regard to
Mao, and his adaptation of Marxism were important during the context
of the cold war and Vietnam. Was Mao so pragmatic he was not a
Marxist, or was he simply following Russian instructions? One sees
historians like Meisner carefully locating himself within this
framework (Meisner, p.xiii).

The standard for revolutionary success, the right combination of
pragmatism and ideology is seen throughout these works. Even in those
who were not revolutionaries, like the warlord Feng Yu-hsiang, the
standard was applied and judgement rendered. On the one hand this is
fine, we clearly see that ideology without pragmatism remains at the
level of idealism. Too much pragmatism makes successful implementation
of a plan, particularly a plan focusing on radically changing society
or a political system, difficult if not impossible. The historical
"success" in China is the CCP. All of these historians knew this. One
wonders then how much of this work is teleological in that it sets up
CCP victory. While none of the works ignores the contexts in which the
revolutionaries operated, it is curious to find the standard used on
men like Feng. Moreover Rankin's comparison, for example, of the
revolutionaries in 1907 with the more organized ones later in the
1920s and 1930s reveals a bias. This theme of the relationship between
pragmatism and ideology is indeed a major reason for communist success
in China. But in just looking at their rise as fitting the standard
runs the risk of ignoring other efforts and dynamics in the history of
modern China's revolution. Perhaps this is the danger of hindsight in
historical scholarship.

China 10 years after Tianimien Square
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/50.beyond/political.overview/
bio of the tyrant Deng Xiaoping
http://www.bartleby.com/65/de/DengXiao.html
http://edition.cnn.com/2001/ASIANOW/east/01/06/tiananmen.papers/

Leftist World revolutions after 1989
The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left
The Revolutions of 1989

Edited by Daniel Chirot
http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/CHICRC.html

Bibliography of my paper
20th Century China and russia
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/toms_files1/essays/revolutions.htm
Texts:
Jack A. Goldstone, ed., Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and
Historical Studies,
(Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 2003).
William G. Rosenberg and Marilyn B. Young, Transforming Russia and
China: Revolutionary
Struggle in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press,
1982).
Eric R. Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (New York: Harper
and Row, 1969).
Marifeli Perez-Stable, The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course and
Legacy (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1993).
Timothy Garton Ash, The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of '89 Witnessed
in Warsaw, Budapest,
Berlin and Prague (New York: Random House, 1990).
Robert V. Daniels, The End of the Communist Revolution (London:
Routledge, 1990).
Immanuel Wallerstein
http://fbc.binghamton.edu/commentr.htm
my paper on karl marx, max weber and Immaneul Wallerstein
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/toms_files1/essays/marx_weber_wallerstein.htm
Sweatshops and the Corporate slave paridigm in the Third World
http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297c/trade_environment/trade_environment.htm

Trotsky on on the Fukin Reactionary revisionist Protestant cocksucking
little bitch Cromwell
http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/britain/ch06.htm
my views on the middle east conflict
http://geocities.com/s011023/middleast.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20021202195936/http://www.smuc.ac.uk/trs/phdholyland.html
http://www.iap.org/withoutland.htm
Reviews of Edward Said's book, "The Question of palestine,"
http://sun3.lib.uci.edu/indiv/scctr/Wellek/said/book25.html
www.Amazon.com price listing:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679739882/palestinebook-20/002-1188373-5244849

Other Books by Edward Said
note
Edward Said was a Palestinian Christain and Chair of the humanities
department at Columbia University
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index%3Dbooks%26field-author%3DSaid%2C%20Edward%20W./002-1188373-5244849

synopsis of his theoretical praxis
http://65.107.211.206/post/poldiscourse/pol11.html

How the right wing Likud Kikes of Israel conspire with hamas to deny
middle east stability or equality of palestinian state self
determination.
http://www.pacificnews.org/content/pns/2001/dec/1214unholy.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20010913210030/http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/world/DailyNews/mideast010802_hamas.html

The Orthodox Right wing Likud kike settlers in the West Bank and Gaza
exploiting palestinians
Tue., October 26, 2004 Cheshvan 11, 5765 Israel Time: 20:08 (GMT+2)
The settlers' persecution
http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20224145&subContrassID=3&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y&itemNo=224145

The Butcher of lebannon, Ariel Sharon
A Editorial written by Israeli author, Amos Oz
DOVISH IN GALILEE
Date: February 4, 1990, Sunday, Late Edition - Final Section 7; Page
14, Column 1; Book
http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/26/home/oz-slopes.html?oref=login
Filthy White WASP protestant Zionist wannabe kikes aping right wing
Zionist Heresey's: Genocide For Confederate Dixiecrat white trash,
On the elie weisal Ann Frank, Lombard, Pict, jut, Goth Saxon vermin
trash newshour
http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,820528,00.html

Un security council resolutions on Palestine / israel
UN 242
http://web.archive.org/web/20010319045121/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/b86613e7d92097880525672e007227a7/59210ce6d04aef61852560c3005da209!OpenDocument

UN 338
http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/7fb7c26fcbe80a31852560c50065f878!OpenDocument

Israeli center for information and human rights in the Occupied
territories
http://www.btselem.org/

Books by Norman Finkelstein
http://www.normanfinkelstein.com/id44.htm

Jewish minister of South Africa calls for a boycott of israel
http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=155161&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y

Evidence of a right wing US republican Likud conspiracy in the Middle
east
U.S. Supports Israel's Rejection of the World Court Opinion
(Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied
Palestinian Territories, International Court of Justice, 2004, 9 July,
General List No. 131; Aluf Benn, "ICJ: West Bank fence is illegal,
Israel must tear it down," Haaretz, July 9, 2004,
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/449395.html accessed July 9,
2004.)
http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&selm=57cf3dba.0409020829.2c940e7c%40posting.google.com&rnum=8
End the Apartheid!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

my views on the rectionary consumerist aethist capitalist consumerism
http://www.geocities.com/s011023/consumer.html

Israel's privitized defense industry is arming the CCP of China
http://www.nytimes.com/library/opinion/rosenthal/102299rose.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20021021051918/http://www.odci.gov/nic/pubs/research_supported_by_nic/conference_paper/sadeh.htm

Proof that US companies, Union Carbide and Dow Chemical supplied
Saddam hussein with his Poison Gas Stockpiles in the 1980's under the
reagan bush administration
http://web.archive.org/web/20021012100424/http://bombay.indymedia.org/newswire/display/76/index.php
Lester thurow
Lester C. Thurow
The Zero-Sum Society:
Distribution and the Possibilities for Economic Change

Penguin
paperback, 12.00

http://web.archive.org/web/20001002021752/http://mitpress.mit.edu/bookstore/authors/zerosum.html

brian_...@mail.ru (Brian Damage) wrote in message news:<f511e362.04102...@posting.google.com>...

Water Barbarian

unread,

Oct 27, 2004, 7:04:57 PM10/27/04

The link is for the historical map of China.

http://www.greatchina.biz/bbs/index.php?showtopic=3006

"Thomas J Wheat" <thoma...@hotmail.com> wrote in message
news:57cf3dba.04102...@posting.google.com...

Basically Harmless

unread,

Oct 28, 2004, 3:45:57 AM10/28/04

thoma...@hotmail.com (Thomas J Wheat) wrote in message news:<57cf3dba.04102...@posting.google.com>...

*snip text describing dynasties up to Han dynasty*

>
> The decline of the han saw the rise of the Tang Dynasty in China
> beginning about roughly in the 7th century and ending roughly in the
> 9th century. (600 C.E. to about 900 C.E. Tang China's most powerful
> Ruler, Tang Taitzu still nonetheless had his capital, Changan sacked
> and held for 30 days by 250,000 Tibetan Calvarymen of the northern
> Western Tibetan Tribes led by Gyalpo Srongtsen Gampo. A treaty was
> concluded in approximately 760 C.E whichwas formalized by stone
> pillars erected in both Changan and the Tibetan capital of Lhasa which
> stipulated the equalness and equality of the hegemonic temporal power
> both nation states shared in the Indian middle eastern Silk Route
> trade routes. As a condition of the treaty between Tibet and China,
> the chinese emperor seceded his daughter Princess Wen Chen, along with
> the arrival of the Jowo Sakyamuni statue to the Jokhang cathedral in
> Lhasa. It was reputed that princess Wen Chen Brought the secrets of
> chinese agriculture to the nomadic pastorlist Tibetans. Srongtsan
> Gampo also took a nepalese bride from the King of Nepal.
>

Wait... wait... you have omitted a large bunch of history. After Han,
there is the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". Then Zhun Dynasty. Then
there comes the South & North Dynasties. Then the Sui Dynasty. Then
the Tang Dynasty.

I can also remember that there is a "Five barbarian tribes and the 16
nations" period. But I cannot remember if it is before the Sui Dynasty
or before the Sung Dynasty.

Necron 99

unread,

Nov 6, 2004, 8:38:49 AM11/6/04

"Water Barbarian" <wa...@barbarian.com> wrote in message
news:tQVfd.326765$D%.103067@attbi_s51...

> The link is for the historical map of China.
>
> http://www.greatchina.biz/bbs/index.php?showtopic=3006
>

Still creating your own reality as you go, shitstain? My history books show
Tibet as a separate country. Yeah, I know. The only real history is commie
history.