ID has been discussed numerous times here and there were a couple of
lengthy discussions initiated by MarkE not too long ago. Those
discussions, however, mostly focused on how ID fails from a scientific
perspective but I think ID also fails from a religious perspective and
that has not received as much attention as it could. The main ways in
which I think it falls down in religious terms are as follows.
I think the first way that it fails is the underlying subterfuge to
the arguments presented. The ID movement started out of the Wedge
Strategy which had two stated Governing Goals:
"To defeat scientific materialism and its destructive moral, cultural
and political legacies.
To replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding
that nature and human beings are created by God" [1]
The movement is clearly an evangelical, Christian one. As a religious
believer, I don't have any fundamental issue with those objectives
though I do think they are taking a rather simplistic view of the
correlation between advances in science and the decline in traditional
morals and culture.
Where I do have a problem, is that they try to hide these objectives
and pretend that there is no religious agenda involved by replacing
the concept of God with some sort of vague "intelligent designer"
which people are left to interpret in whatever way they want. The main
promoters of the ID movement are almost exclusively committed
Christians and they clearly regard this intelligent designer as the
Christian God. Indeed, various leaders of the ID movement have been
open about that when talking to audiences that support their views.
For example, William Dembski has stated that "The conceptual soundings
of the [intelligent design] theory can in the end only be located in
Christ [2] and Philip Johnson said that "ID is an intellectual
movement, and the Wedge strategy stops working when we are seen as
just another way of packaging the Christian evangelical message. [...]
The evangelists do what they do very well, and I hope our work opens
up for them some doors that have been closed." [3]
As a fellow committed Christian, I regard honesty and openness as
fundamental characteristics of Christianity and see this poorly hidden
attempt at subterfuge as directly opposite to those Christian
qualities.
This dishonesty does not, of course, on its own mean that the
arguments they are promoting are necessarily wrong; I think however
that people with a hidden agenda have to be treated with great caution
and, if you remove the committed Christians from the ID movement, then
there is nobody of any significance making the arguments they put
forward.
The second thing that gets me about ID is that far from the complexity
of life suggesting an intelligent designer, the Heath Robinson/Rube
Goldberg nature of many aspects of life would imply a seriously
*unintelligent* designer. There are many examples in nature of things
that if designed, were done so in a really bad way. For example, the
recurrent laryngeal nerve connects the vagus nerve to the larynx; in
all mammals, the nerve passes under the aortic arch which increases
the distance it has to travel. In short necked animals like us humans,
that isn't a big issue as the extra distance is only a few inches.
When we come to a longnecked animal however such as the giraffe, we
find that then it travels a distance of about 4 ½ metres (about 15
fee)t, to cover an overall distance of only a few inches - not exactly
"intelligent" design! To take just one human example, the male testes
are one of the most sensitive and easily hurt organs in the human body
yet, although they start off inside the abdomen, during gestation the
drop down into the scrotum exposing them to all the hurt that nature
can offer.
Some people in the ID movement try to wriggle out of this by saying
that God does not directly intervene in everything, only in some
things but the fundamental problem with that approach was neatly
summed up by Paul Wallace " For a person of faith, ID is not just an
unnecessary choice; it is a harmful one. It reduces God to a kind of
holy tinkerer. It locates the divine in places of ignorance and
obscurity. And this gives it a defensive and fearful spirit that is
out of place in Christian faith and theology." [4]
Apart from design inefficiencies such as the examples given above,
Intelligent Design implies a malevolent God. Michael Behe, one of the
few genuine scientists who endorses ID states that
"Malaria was intentionally designed. The molecular machinery with
which the parasite invades red blood cells is an exquisitely
purposeful arrangement of parts. (...) What sort of designer is that?
What sort of "fine-tuning" leads to untold human misery? To countless
mothers mourning countless children? Did a hateful, malign being make
intelligent life in order to torture it? One who relishes cries of
pain? Maybe. Maybe not." [5]
In the following paragraphs, Behe offers no other explanation for God
being so malevolent; he simply argues that both bad things and good
things happen in life and we shouldn't use the bad things to refute
ID.
That sort of argument by Behe takes us into the territory that St.
Augustine warned us about back in the fifth century when he said:
"Now, it is a disgraceful and dangerous thing for an infidel to hear a
Christian, presumably giving the meaning of Holy Scripture, talking
nonsense on these topics; and we should take all means to prevent such
an embarrassing situation, in which people show up vast ignorance in a
Christian and laugh it to scorn" [6]
To take another example, humans undergo one of the most distressing,
painful and dangerous birth processes of any animal. Science has a
straightforward explanation for that; basically, our skeletal
structure is one developed for quadruped animals from which we are
originally evolved. Becoming bipedal enabled humans to develop skills
and other features well beyond other animals which remained quadruped
but, whilst our skeletal structure did undergo some modification to
suit bipedalism, this came at the price of a narrowed birth channel
and this was worsened by an increase in human brain size. Whilst these
developments did lead to the difficulties of human childbirth, the
overall advantages of bipedalism won out.
Those who deny our descent from a quadruped lifeform have nothing to
offer as an explanation of the difficulties of human birth except some
vacuous claim that it is all to do with us being punished for the sin
committed by Adam and Eve. I'm sorry but I simply cannot reconcile the
God of love and mercy presented by Jesus Christ with a God who would
punish all women for something committed by ancestors of many
generations ago and put at risk the lives of unborn/newly born
children and I think that to try to do so takes us straight into that
area of ridicule and scorn that Augustine warned us about.
Overall, I think that the ID approach represents Christians trapped in
a mindset that feels we must have some sort of proof for tangible
evidence for the existence of God. To me, there are three broad states
of relationship that a person can have with God:
State I: Disbelief
This may be a lack of awareness where a person has not been exposed to
the very idea of God or where someone is ambivalent about the whole
idea (agnostic) or totally rejects the idea (atheist). [Note:
'agnostic' and 'atheist' are presented as broad categories here, I do
realise that there are variations with them as well as considerable
overlap but that's not germane to my main point.]
State 2: Belief from Authority
This is where someone believes in God because they have been convinced
by some sort of authority figure, typically in childhood where they
have been taught by parents or teachers or priests; or perhaps they
have read religious writers who have made convincing arguments. I
think that this was probably the prevalent state among many religious
practitioners in times past; many Catholics, for example, went to Mass
on Sunday mainly because it was the "done thing" and non-attendance
would have been frowned upon by their friends, family or peers.
State 3: Direct Knowledge
This is where someone has moved on from State 2 and somehow God has
become an inherent part of their everyday life. It is something that
is very difficult to describe to someone who has not experienced it.
The best analogy I can give is the relationship I have with my wife; I
love her deeply and I know that she loves me deeply. We do not have to
repetitively express that love in some tangible way and our
relationship is not always plain sailing; after 47 years of marriage,
we can still manage to get on each other's nerves at times do things
annoy each other but that does not take away from the love we have for
each other and we both know that love exists whether or not it is
expressed in any tangible way. My love of God and the love I know he
has for me is just the same, it is as much a part of my life as
breathing and eating are, I do them largely on automatic pilot without
having to think about every breath I take our every bite I eat. It is
not always a straightforward relationship, I have my ups and downs of
God just as I have with my wife, but that's minor stuff and doesn't
take away from the love I have for him and the love I know he has for
me.
Moving from State 2 to State 3 happens in various ways; sometimes it
is some sort of specific religious or spiritual experience or it may
just a gradual process -that is what it was in my own case. I think,
however, at some point it does involve a conscious decision to accept
God as an integral part of your life. One of the main features of this
state is that despite the minor ups and downs, the relationship can
stand up to external challenges. In recent years, for example, I have
read extensively about things like evolution and arguments from
authors strongly opposed to religious belief - writers like Dawkins
and Coyne - but I have not yet encountered anything that seriously
challenges my religious belief; on the contrary, that religious belief
has been strengthened by everything I have read.
And that is perhaps the biggest issue I have with ID; I think that at
its core, it traps people into a state where people feel the need to
employ the dismissal of science and arguments from awe in order to
somehow convince people that God does exist rather than encouraging
them to move onto the stage where they know for themselves, without
the need for empirical evidence and constant reinforcement which seems
to me, a rather fragile form of religious belief.
My conclusion is that than in regard to achieving the objectives of
the Wedge Strategy - essentially a growth in the adoption of religious
belief rather than scientific generated materialism - the ID
movement harms those objectives rather than promoting them.
===========================
References:
[1] Discovery Institute, 'The Wedge Document', 1998.
[2] W. A. Dembski, Intelligent design: The bridge between science
& theology. InterVarsity Press, 1999.
[3] P. Johnson and T. Hess, 'Keeping the Darwinists Honest',
Citizen Magazine, 1999.
[4] P. Wallace, 'Intelligent Design Is Dead: A Christian
Perspective', HuffPost, 2012. [Online]. Available:
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/intelligent-design-is-dea_b_1175049.
[Accessed: 26-Jun-2019].
[5] M. J. Behe, The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits
of Darwinism. Free Press, 2007.
[6] J. H. Taylor, 41. St. Augustine, Vol. 1: The Literal Meaning
of Genesis (Ancient Christian Writers). Paulist Press, 1982.