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As is known, the increase of capillary number to a certain magnitudes contributes a lot to the reduction of residual oil saturation, which can reach as low as 20%. The capillary number formula shows that the Nc is significantly increased if the oil/water IFT can be reduced by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude [34]. So, the reduction of IFT as low as possible is very important to the final oil recovery, which is generally a decisive factor in the surfactant flooding.
Emulsification is a significant index in chemical flooding processes, particularly in surfactant flooding. In the meantime, it is also one of the important mechanisms in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) [38]. To assess the effectiveness of the recycling system in emulsifying the oil, numbers of emulsification tests were carried out to investigate their stability by the method described above.
The core plug flooding test is used broadly in laboratory to assess the efficiency of chemical flooding systems. Thirteen core plug flooding tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of recycling system for EOR through methods described above. The effects of AOS concentration, recycling system slug size, and recycling system slug type on the oil recovery were studied in this work.
To research the effect of concentrations of AOS in the recycling system (VES concentration is 0.2 wt%) for EOR, five core plug flooding tests (No. 3 to 7) were conducted with AOS concentration varying from 0.01 to 0.1 wt%. All the slug size injected is 0.5 PV (pore volume) during these tests. The parameter incremental oil recovery is used to estimate the effect of AOS concentration on EOR.
Figure 8 (a) shows that, when the AOS concentration is ranging from 0 to 0.04 wt%, the incremental recovery increases rapidly from 2.2 OOIP% to 10.9 OOIP%. The result indicates that, with an appropriate AOS concentration added into the clear fracturing flowback fluids, the oil recovery can be enhanced obviously, which can be ascribed to the synergetic effect of AOS and VES. The synergetic adsorption of AOS and VES in the oil/water interface can greatly decrease IFT and make the emulsification more easily. Therefore, the more residual oil can be flooded out more easily.
(a) Relationship between water separation ratio and incremental oil recovery when AOS concentration varies. The VES concentration is 0.2 wt%; (b) relationship between minimum IFT and incremental oil recovery when AOS concentration varies. The VES concentration is 0.2 wt%.
The relationship between incremental oil recovery and water separation ratio with different AOS concentrations is shown in Figure 8 (a), and the relationship between incremental oil recovery and interfacial tension is illustrated in Figure 8 (b). The two curves showed that the oil recovery can be enhanced by reducing interfacial tension or strengthen emulsion stability. It is also illustrated that both ultra-low interfacial tension and emulsion stability are significant mechanisms for EOR.
Figure 9 (a) shows the effect of recycling system slug size on EOR. As shown in Figure 9, the incremental oil recovery shows a linear growth with the increment of recycling system slug size rangeing from 0.10 PV (2.65 OOIP%) to 0.50 PV (10.9 OOIP%). However, with a further increase of slug size, the incremental tendency of oil recovery slows, especially in the range of 0.70 PV (11.9 OOIP%) to 0.90 PV (12.1 OOIP%). The larger the slug size, the higher the incremental oil recovery. To make the process cost-effective, an optional slug size of 0.5 PV is chosen.
Figure 9 (b) shows that the final incremental recovery varies with the difference of recycling system slug type. Comparing the results of No. 1 (0.04 wt% AOS only), No. 2 (0.2 wt% VES only) and No. 5 (0.04 wt% AOS+0.2 wt% VES), it can be concluded that the highest incremental oil recovery was obtained in test No. 5 (10.9 OOIP%) when VES and AOS were injected simultaneously. The results prove that the synergy of VES and AOS is important for EOR in surfactant flooding. Figure 9 (b) also shows that, when 0.2 wt% VES and 0.04 wt% AOS are injected by turns and both the injection pore volumes are at 0.25 PV, their incremental oil recovery results are different and both lower than that of being injected simultaneously (10.9 OOIP% in No. 5, 7.6 OOIP% in No. 12, and 6.5 OOIP% in No. 13). The difference is scribed to the mixing degree of flowback fluid and AOS. When the AOS slug is injected first, it is easily washed out by the subsequent VES slugs because its low concentration and high interfacial tension. Therefore, less residual oil can be produced with this injection type.
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