Nuh Filmi

[Nancy Benigar]

Filmimusic tends to have appeal across India, Nepal, Pakistan and overseas, especially among the Indian diaspora. Songs are often in different languages depending on the target audience, for example in Hindi or Tamil. Playback singers are usually more noted for their ability to sing rather than their charisma as performers. Filmi playback singers' level of success and appeal is tied to their involvement with film soundtracks of cinema releases with the highest box office ratings.

At the "Filmi Melody: Song and Dance in Indian Cinema" archive presentation at UCLA, filmi was praised as a generally more fitting term for the tradition than "Bombay melody", "suggesting that the exuberant music and melodrama so closely identified with the Hindi commercial cinema produced in Bombay (Mumbai) is truly pan-Indian."[2]

In the earliest years, filmi music was generally Indian (classical Carnatic, Hindustani, and village folk) in inspiration; over the years, Western elements have increased significantly.[citation needed] However, film soundtracks continue to be very diverse, sometimes fusing genres or reverting to entirely classical music. Examples of this can be found throughout the history of filmi music.

A playback singer is a singer who pre-records songs for use in films. The singer records the song and the actors or actresses lip-sync the song in front of the cameras, a form of singing that is characteristic of the Indian subcontinent. The songs of a film, the quality of the music and its music director (composer), lyricist and singer have often determined the success of a film. Film soundtracks are sometimes released before the film itself, resulting in a disparity between the soundtrack and the songs appearing in the film.

Kundan Lal Saigal was one of the earliest playback singers in the Indian music industry.[citation needed] Notable playback singers include Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi, Mukesh, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki, P. Susheela, K. S. Chithra, MG Sreekumar, Udit Narayan, Amit Kumar, Alka Yagnik, Sujatha, Hemlata (singer), Kumar Sanu, Armaan Malik, Sonu Nigam, Shaan, KK, Shreya Ghoshal, Arijit Singh, Mohit Chauhan, Javed Ali, Neha Kakkar, Priyadarshini and many others.

In the 1950s and 1960s, lyricists like Shailendra, Hasrat Jaipuri, Sahir Ludhianvi, Raja Mehdi Ali Khan, Rajendra Krishan, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Bharat Vyas, Shakeel Badayuni, Qamar Jalalabadi, Anand Bakshi, Jan Nisar Akhtar and S. H. Bihari wrote lyrics of many classic filmi songs. Lyrics tended towards the literary and drew heavily on contemporary Urdu and Hindi poetry. The south has seen poets like Kannadasan, Vairamuthu and Vaali rise to prominence, in Tamil poetry and literature alongside Vayalar Ramavarma, P. Bhaskaran, O. N. V. Kurup in the Malayalam music industry.[citation needed]

Binaca Geetmala, Ameen Sayani's popular Hindi language radio show before satellite television took over in India sometime in the 1990s, gave weekly popularity ratings of Hindi film songs (akin to the Billboard Hot 100 list of songs). It ran in various incarnations from 1952 to 1993, and annual lists of the most popular songs were played at year-end. The list was compiled on the basis of record sales in India.[5] Currently, Hindi filmi songs are sold on tape and CD compilations, played as promos and in programs on various television channels and radio stations, with different popularity ratings claiming different songs as being on the top. In an annual exercise, a net-based effort RMIM Puraskaar lists all important Hindi film songs of the year, in addition to awarding songs for various categories.

Because popular music directors score a great many films over the course of a year, accusations of plagiarizing abound. For example, one production number in Dil (1990) is based on Carl Perkins' Blue Suede Shoes, sung with Hindi lyrics. Of late the Indian film industry has been gaining visibility outside India, and the legal risks of plagiarism have been gaining importance. Some producers have actually paid for the musical rights to popular Western songs, as in Kal Ho Naa Ho's (2003) song, "Oh, Pretty Woman". Plagiarism has also existed within India, with several music directors in Bombay cinema lifting tunes from other "regional" industries.

There have also been accusations of plagiarism against foreigner musicians borrowing from Hindi filmi songs. For example, "Don't Phunk with My Heart" by The Black Eyed Peas was largely based on two 1970s filmi songs: "Ye Mera Dil Yaar Ka Diwana" from Don (1978) and "Ae Naujawan Hai Sab Kuchh Yahan" from Apradh (1972).[6] Both songs were originally composed by Kalyanji Anandji and sung by Asha Bhosle.[7] Another example is "Addictive" sung by Truth Hurts, which is lifted from Lata Mangeshkar's "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" from Jyoti (1981). This led to the copyright holders of the original song filing a lawsuit against DJ Quik and Dr. Dre, the producers of "Addictive".[8] Filmi music composed by A. R. Rahman (who would later win two Academy Awards for the Slumdog Millionaire soundtrack) has frequently been sampled by musicians elsewhere in the world, including the Singaporean artist Kelly Poon, the Uzbek artist Iroda Dilroz, the French rap group La Caution, the American artist Ciara, and the German band Lwenherz,[9] among others.

Filmi is also making exerting influence beyond the usual Desi audiences, with many Western music stores today carrying Indian music compilations. As early as 1978, the synthpop pioneers Haruomi Hosono and Ryuichi Sakamoto of the Yellow Magic Orchestra produced an electronic album Cochin Moon based on an experimental fusion between electronic music and Bollywood-inspired Indian music.[10] Later in 1988, Devo's hit song "Disco Dancer" was inspired by the song "I am a Disco Dancer" from the Bollywood film Disco Dancer (1982).[11]

A. R. Rahman rose to fame from the Kollywood film industry to become one of the most popular international music directors and has had a musicalBombay Dreams, playing in London and New York, and scored several projects outside India. He has won two Academy awards and two Grammy awards, even numerous international awards and accolades. The song "Chaiyya Chaiyya", originally composed by A. R. Rahman for Dil Se.. (1998), has also been well received around the world, making several top 10 world music lists and has even been featured in several American movies. The song was in both the opening scene and credits of Spike Lee's Inside Man. Rahman's earlier soundtrack for Roja (1991) was included in Time's 10 Best Soundtracks of all time in 2005. He has been regarded as the only composer from India to attain massive popularity and fame in the international arena.[13][14][15] Hindi filmi music has reached an even wider global audience due to the success of the Slumdog Millionaire soundtrack, also composed by Rahman. Singaporean-Indian singer Priyadarshini is regarded as the first Indian playback singer to carry out Ph.D.[16] research in film music and document 100 years of music in Tamil cinema and 90 years in Kannada cinema[16][17][18]

The first domain name ever registered related to filmi music and Indian entertainment media was indiamusic.com. The site further put filmi music on the map. Thereafter followed a flood of Indian and filmi music sites.

At this time I am using a mixture of dates and oregano as my primary developing agent. I found this mixture powerful for developing high contrast b&w 16mm film (Kodak 3378) with almost the same developing times as one would use when using traditional chemistry and the end result of the film image is great! These are also ingredients that can be found year-round while shopping for my other groceries in Montral. The fun part though, is to keep looking for other possible star ingredients when it comes to developing agents, so I keep my eyes open. However I have discovered that oregano-date-potion tastes delicious after a month or two in the fridge, so I might keep drinking it even if I abandon it as a developer.

The eco negative film development process is quite simple. You mix your developer and soak your film into it, then use water as a replacement for a stop bath and finally either use a traditional chemical FIX or alternatively replace this with a water/salt solution (takes a couple of days) and Voil you have a negative film image.

Suomessa eko-kehittminen on helppoa sill luonnossa esiintyvi, kehitykseen hyvin soveltuvia kasveja ja etenkin marjoja lytyy kaikkialta. Kesaikaan esimerkiksi villin kasvavat kukat ja loppukesst metsien marjat soveltuvat parhaiten kasvikehitteiksi, kun taas talviaikaan kehitteen voi tehd vaikkapa kuusen neulasista. Ruokakauppojen pakastealtaista lytyvt suomalaiset mustikat toimivat helppona valintana kasvikehittjlle vuoden ympri. Alla koottuna muutamia kotimaisia negatiivisen prosessin suosikkireseptejni. Suomessa olen kyttnyt kiinnikkeen suolakiinnitett, jonka vien sitten oman kuntani jtehuoltoon, sill kiinnike sislt aina kytn jlkeen filmist irronnutta hopeahalogenidia.

I have gotten the chance to share these techniques and the knowledge I have gained throughout my own eco-journey. In addition to one-on-one teaching and hand-processing, I have partnered up with several film and art organizations to do workshops on eco-processing. Attending one is a great way to get started!

Most of India's music industry is tied to its movie industry. Meaning that Indian music is based off of Indian films. As a whole, this genre is called "filmi music". All of India's language-based film industries (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, etc.) involve musicals. Movie soundtracks will typically contain 5-10 songs, and there are around 1,000 films released in India each year.

The soundtrack for a Hindi or Regional musical will be made up of music from the song/dance numbers: background scores are not usually included. Each soundtrack is released before the actual film, and the success of a soundtrack can make or break the movie. In Indian musicals, the songs are not usually sung by the actors. Instead, a playback singer will record the song, and then the actors lip sync on screen. The playback singer is often matched with an actor in the movie so the voice of the character is consistent. Similarly, when an actor does a movie in a language they do not speak, their lines are dubbed by a voice actor. For example, Aishwarya Rai (who is a native Tulu speaker) did Tamil-language films this way.

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