The tagslam.yaml looks good. You specify tag 0 as root tag, so discover all other tags, you need to successively establish image overlap between tag 0 and the other tags.
However, your bag file indicates that the detector only sees 10 of the 20 tags you put up. That's not a problem related to tagslam, but has to do with the detector.
Your cameras.yaml file is kind of ok, too, although I have never seen such large distortion coefficients, ever. A value of -57 is huge. Also, the x image center is way off from the middle. It should be at about 1920/2 = 960, but its at 882. Usually the image center would be off by 10 to 20 pixels maybe.
However, that the tag detector doesn't see half of your tags has nothing to do with the intrinsic calibration.
I suggest you run sync_and_detect with the annotated images switched on (or better, run the tag detector real-time) to see if/why only half the tags are being detected.