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[Jodee Bouman]

Rudrameans something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

The general characteristics of the images of these deities are first given in the authority quoted above and in the Śilparatna. It is stated in these works that the images of all these aspects of Śiva should have three eyes, four arms, jaṭāmakuṭas and be of white colour; they should be draped also in white clothes and be standing erect (samabhaṅga) on a padmapīṭha. They should be adorned with all ornaments and with garlands composed of all flowers and they should keep their front right hand in the abhaya and the front left hand in the varada poses, while they should carry in the back right hand the paraśu and in the back left hand the mṛga.

Rudra (रुद्र) is a Sanskrit name referring to one of the eight manifestations of Krodha, who is a form of Bhairava. According to the Rudrayāmala, there are eight main forms of Bhairava who control the eight directions of this universe. Each form (e.g., Krodha) has a further eight sub-manifestations (e.g., Rudra), thus resulting in a total of 64 Bhairavas.

When depicting Rudra according to traditional iconographic rules (śilpaśāstra), one should depcit him (and other forms of Krodha) having a smoke color; he should carry khaḍga, kheṭaka, a long sword and paraśu. The word Śilpaśāstra refers to an ancient Hindu science of arts and crafts, dealing with subjects such as painting, sculpture and iconography.

Shilpashastra (शल्पशस्त्र, śilpaśāstra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.

Rudra, the Malevolent: The Rudra of the Ṛg-veda isa fierce god destructive like a wild beast. In the whole range of Vedic literature there are many instances indicating his malevolant character, though we find him here and there emerging as a great god capable of bestowing good on those that pray to him. Even up to the time of the Gṛhya-sūtras this darker side of the nature of this god was never forgotten and we find a sacrifice called Śūlagava mentioned in these works which was meant to appease him. With the growth of religious sentiments which exalted Śiva as a supreme god this darker side of his nature began to recede in the background though it was never wiped out altogether.

1d) (hundred?) Eleven in number, heads of Gaṇas: born of Bhūta and Bhūtā: gods of the Vaivasvata epoch:1 Fought with Krodhavaśas in a Devāsura battle;2 came with the other gods to Dvārakā to invite Kṛṣṇa back to Vaikuṇṭha;3 worshipped for prowess.4 Wait upon Indra. Nīlalohita, a chief Rudra.5 According to the Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa sons of Surabhī and Kaśyapa. These are Angāraka, Sarpa, Niṛṛti, Sadasaspati, Ajaikapāt, Ahirbudhnya, Ūrdhvaketu, Jvara, Bhuvana, Īśvara, Mṛtyu, and Kapāli. Their sisters were Rohiṇī and Gāndharvī: Their overlord was Vṛṣadhvaja. Live in Śivapuram:6 Vanquished by Rāvaṇa;7 part of Viṣṇu;8 Rudras as different from Mahārudra, and as his attendants. For different names of Rudras see the text;9 one of the seven Devagaṇas of the Vaivasvata epoch: Pitāmahas considered as;10 their part in Devāsura wars.11

Rudra (रुद्र) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. I.60.37) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Rudra) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.

The creation of Rudra from between the eyebrows of Brahmā as the result of his anger, generated from the mode of passion partly touched by ignorance, is very significant. In Bhagavad-gītā (3.37) the principle of Rudra is described. The egocentric attitude is a manifestation of the Rudra principle in the heart, wherein krodha (anger) is generated. This anger develops in the heart and is further manifested through various senses, like the eyes, hands and legs.

There are many earthly creatures who constantly represent the Rudra element. The snake, tiger and lion are always representations of Rudra. When the Rudra principle is exhibited by persons who are not engaged in the devotional service of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the angry person falls down from the peak of his improved position.

2) Rudra (रुद्र) refers to one of the 53 gods to be worshipped and given pāyasa (rice boiled in milk) according to the Vāstuyāga rite in Śaktism (cf. Śāradātilaka-tantra III-V). The worship of these 53 gods happens after assigning them to one of the 64 compartment while constructing a Balimaṇḍapa. Vāstu is the name of a prodigious demon, who was killed by 53 gods (e.g., Rudra).

Shakta (शक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.

1) Rudra (रुद्र) is a Sanskrit word referring to a group of deities. Acording to the Nāṭyaśāstra 1.82-88, when Brahmā, Indra and all other gods went to inspect the playhouse (nāṭyamaṇḍapa) designed by Viśvakarmā, he assigned different deities for the protection of the playhouse itself, as well as for the objects relating to dramatic performance (prayoga).

2) Rudra is to be worshipped during raṅgapūjā, according to the Nāṭyaśāstra 3.1-8. Accordingly, the master of the dramatic art who has been initiated for the purpose shall consecrate the playhouse after he has made obeisance (e.g., to Rudra).

Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

Vedanta (वेदन्त, vedānta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

Vastushastra (वस्तुशस्त्र, vāstuśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.

Ganitashastra (शल्पशस्त्र, gaṇitaśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science of mathematics, algebra, number theory, arithmetic, etc. Closely allied with astronomy, both were commonly taught and studied in universities, even since the 1st millennium BCE. Ganita-shastra also includes ritualistic math-books such as the Shulba-sutras.

Pancaratra (पञ्चरत्र, pācarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.

In the Rig Veda, Rudra is a God who belongs to the atmospheric group of Gods, who are Rudra, Indra, ApamNapat, the Maruts, Vayu, Parjanya and the ocean. In the Puranas and in later texts, this name is an appelation of Lord Shiva. Conversely, in the Rig Veda, Rudra is also addressed as Shiva, completing the association.

However, in the Rig Veda, he is definitely a subordinate deity. He is the only God who is described as having negative qualities. His wife is Prsni (who is either a cow, or a storm-cloud), and the Maruts are his sons. They are either hundred and eighty or twenty one in number. Some of his attributes (he is brown colored, his form is dazzling, he has braided hair), are also attributes of Shiva.

1) Rudrā (रुद्र) refers to one of the twenty-four Ḍākinīs positioned at the padma (lotus) in the middle of the Herukamaṇḍala, according to the 10th century Ḍākārṇava chapter 15. Accordingly, between the south and east (of the heruka-maṇḍala) are six Ḍākinīs who are half yellow and half black in color. They [viz., Rudrā] are headed by the major four Ḍākinīs of the Cakrasaṃvara tradition. They stand in the Pratyālīḍha posture and, except for the body posture, their physical features and objects that they hold are the same as Vajravārāhīs.

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

-draḥ 1 Name of a group of gods, eleven in number, supposed to be inferior manifestations of Śiva or Śaṃkara, who is said to be the head of the group; रुद्रणं शंकरश्चस्म (rudrāṇāṃ śaṃkaraścāsmi) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 1.23; रुद्रणमप मूर्धन क्षतहुंकरशंसन (rudrāṇāmapi mūrdhānaḥ kṣatahuṃkāraśaṃsinaḥ) Kumārasambhava 2.26.

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