The Book Of Jubilees Pdf Free Download

[Elly Ker]

Jubileesmay affect the entire Eastern Shore from Daphne to Mullet Point, a distance of about 15 miles. Or, they may be limited to only a few hundred feet of beach. The smaller, localized jubilees occur more often than the larger ones but are more difficult to locate. It is thought by many, that Jubilees of this magnitude occur only two places in the world, Tokyo Bay in Japan and right here in Mobile Bay.

Jubilees are caused primarily by up-wellings or upward movement of oxygen-poor bottom waters forcing bottom-type fish and crustaceans ashore. Bottom water low in oxygen results from several coincidental circumstances, pockets of salty water accumulate in the deep parts of the northern portion of Mobile Bay stagnate during calm conditions. The stagnation is caused by salinity stratification, or layering effect, with the heavier salty Gulf water overlain by lighter, fresher river water. Stratification prevents movement of oxygen from the air into the bottom saline water.

These deep water pockets tend to collect plant matter washed into the Bay from the marshes and swamps upstream. As this vegetative matter decomposes, it provides food for the microorganisms in the water. An abundant food supply combined with the warm water temperature causes a population explosion. As these microorganisms grow and multiply, they consume tremendous quantities of oxygen. In this way, the bottom water becomes very low in oxygen-poor water remains in the deep pocket offshore.

Due to the lack of oxygen, these jubilee-affected fish and shellfish cannot carry out normal muscular activities, such as swimming. They move slowly and seem reluctant to swim even to escape capture. However, few fish or crustaceans die during jubilees, except for those caught by jubilee enthusiasts.

I was skeptical when I first heard of this phenomenon. It sounded fishy. No one I knew had ever been a part of jubilees, though many had heard of them. It seemed like one of those legends that hotels might use for public relations. Some hotels claim to be haunted. I assumed the Grand Hotel in Point Clear was claiming to be able to magically produce seafood en masse in the shallows of its shoreline.

Place softened cream cheese into an electric mixing bowl and, using the paddle attachment, beat for 2-3 minutes. Scrape down the bowl using a rubber spatula, then add the thickened stock mixture, peppers and onions, and Swiss cheese. Blend until smooth.

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Jubilees may affect the entire eastern shore from Daphne to Mullet Point, a distance of about 15 miles. Or, they may be limited to only a few hundred feet of beach. The smaller, localized jubilees occur more often than the larger ones but are more difficult to locate.

Jubilees are caused primarily by upwellings or upward movement of oxygen-poor bottom waters forcing bottom-type fish and crustaceans ashore. Bottom water low in oxygen results from several coincidental circumstances. Pockets of salty water accumulate in the deep parts of the northern portion of Mobile Bay and stagnate during calm conditions. The stagnation is caused by a salinity stratification, or layering effect, with the heavier salty Gulf water overlain by lighter, fresher river water. Stratification prevents movement of oxygen from the air into the bottom saline water.

However, a gentle east wind (not strong enough to mix the water near shore) can set up a surface current that moves the normal upper layer water from near shore to offshore. The oxygen-poor bottom water is then pushed shoreward by a rising tide and a return bottom current (Figure 2). As this low-oxygen water mass moves shoreward, sea creatures in its path are driven in front of it unless they can swim over the top.

The species typically seen during jubilees are flounder, stingrays, eels, blue crab, and shrimp. Smaller fish, such as bay whiffs, hogchokers, shiners, anchovies, and needlefish, and juvenile catfish, croaker, and spot are also often trapped.

Due to lack of oxygen, these jubilee-affected fish and shellfish cannot carry out normal muscular activities, such as swimming. They move slowly and seem reluctant to swim even to escape capture. However, few fish or crustaceans actually die during jubilees, except for those caught by jubilee enthusiasts.

Jubilees usually end at sunrise when oxygen is produced by photosynthetic activity of plant life in the water. The affected fish and shellfish then swim back to their bottomwater habitat . . . until the next jubilee!

Richard K. Wallace, Extension Marine Specialist, Associate Professor, Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures. Originally prepared by William Hosking, former Extension Marine Economist.

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When the weather gets hot and stagnant, the folks who live on the Eastern Shore of Mobile Bay go on high alert. Certain weather and water conditions in the bay can lead a rare phenomenon known as a jubilee.

A jubilee occurs when mostly bottom-dwelling creatures in the bay are forced to the shoreline because of certain environmental conditions, including a layer of water with low dissolved oxygen. Jubilees come in many forms, from events with just flounder or shrimp or crabs or saltwater catfish to bay bonanzas with all those creatures lined up in the shallowest water at the shore. Although jubilees are most common on the Eastern Shore, they can occasionally occur on the western shore of Mobile Bay.

The event starts with an incoming tide with very warm, still water, followed by organic load that creates a situation that depletes the oxygen in the water. Often, jubilees follow an afternoon rain shower and an easterly or northeasterly wind. The Mobile Bay National Estuary Program explains that phytoplankton also contributes to this phenomenon by consuming oxygen near the surface of the water. When the easterly breeze starts blowing, this creates a water current that causes the oxygen-poor water to migrate toward the shore. This has a corralling effect, herding the bottom-dwelling species into the shallows. There those species become so lethargic that people can just pick them up. These events usually lasts two to three hours.

Because of a significant decline in the flounder population in the previous decade, MRD changed the size and daily creel limit for flounder to five per person per day with a minimum size of 14 inches total length. The recreational limit on shrimp with heads on is one five-gallon bucket per day. The limit on blue crabs is one 5-gallon bucket per day with a 5-inch minimum carapace (shell point to point). All jubilee participants who are 16 to 64 years old who harvest shrimp by cast net or harvest any finfish like flounder, speckled trout and redfish are required to have a saltwater fishing license, and those 16 and older are required to have a saltwater angler registry.

Although jubilee events may occur in other areas of the world, Mobile Bay is probably the only body of water on Earth where this phenomenon occurs regularly each summer and where jubilees are fairly predictable. Students will investigate what causes a jubilee event and how it affects animals that live in the bay.

Jubilees of the Reformation were established in Germany from 1617 to 1917; they emerged from a combined project upheld by the political, university and ecclesiastical authorities of the Protestant states. These different institutions established a celebration whose main role was clearly to provide an alternative version to the jubilees of the Roman Catholic Church, which had given rise to the sale of indulgences. And in fact, by periodically confirming a religious identity which had originally come into being because of these indulgences, the Protestant jubilees were used by the above-mentioned authorities to strengthen their anti-Catholic position.

That is why Protestants, who are in the minority and who do not appear to be an essential element of the French identity, favour a discreet jubilee, which will probably not receive much attention at a national level.

As for the Genevan and Swiss Protestant jubilees of the XVIIth century and at the beginning of the XXth century, although they were supported by the political, university and ecclesiastical authorities, they had little impact compared to the German Lutheran jubilees as there was no central organization to represent the different bodies.

Old-timers will tell you that jubilees most often follow an afternoon rain shower and an easterly or northeasterly wind. During the summer, the water in certain areas becomes depleted of oxygen because of the breakdown of organic material and phytoplankton activity. An easterly breeze creates a water current that causes the oxygen-poor water to migrate toward the shore. This traps the bottom-dwelling species in the shallow water.

Flounder giggers can have a field day during a jubilee, but unlike the not-too-distant past, flounder now have bag and size limits. The bag limit is five per person, with a minimum length of 14 inches. About a decade ago, the flounder population in Alabama waters had declined significantly, prompting the Alabama Marine Resources Division to institute the bag and size limits. Fortunately, flounder have responded and appear to be rebounding in state waters.

The recreational limit on shrimp with heads on is one five-gallon bucket per day. The limit on jubilee crabs is one five-gallon bucket per day with a 5-inch minimum carapace (shell point to point). All jubilee participants who are 16 to 64 years old who harvest shrimp by cast net or harvest any finfish like flounder, speckled trout and redfish are required to have an Alabama saltwater fishing license. Those 16 and older are required to have a saltwater angler registry to protect marine life in the Gulf Shores.

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