Parshat Vayeshev The Pivotal Pivot in Sefer Bereishit Simon Wolf |
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The story of Yehuda and Tamar together with the language utilized (×Ö¼Ö¹Ö× ×Ö¶×Ö¾×ֵքש×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Öø×Ö“Ö××Öø ×Ö°×Ö·×Ö¼ÖµÖ£× ×Ö¹×ŖÖøÖ×Ö¼ ×Ö°×Öø×§ÖµÖ„× ×Ö¶Öרַע ×Ö°×Öø×Ö“Ö½××Öø) clearly evokes echoes of the Parsha of Yibum found in Sefer Devarim.[7]Ā This theme is most fully developed by the Ramban, who speaks of the virtues of levirate marriage and its application pre-Matan Torah to a broader circle of family members.[8]Ā Yehuda arranges the marriage of his eldest son, Er (עֵר), to a woman named Tamar.Ā The Torah cryptically states that Er was āevil in the eyes of God, and God killed him.ā[9]Ā Yehuda then instructs his second son, Onan (××Ö¹× Öø×), to perform a levirate marriage with his brotherās widow in order to provide an offspring on behalf of his deceased brother.Ā Although Onan accedes to his fatherās charge to marry his brotherās widow, he refuses to procreate with Tamar because he is unwilling to provide an offspring who would not be considered his own.Ā That selfish stance is deemed āevil in the eyes of God and God kills him as well.ā[10]Ā Yehuda is now left in a difficult predicament since he has already lost two children, seemingly because of their marriage to Tamar, and he is now faced with giving his youngest and lone remaining child from his deceased wife to Tamar in order to perform the expected levirate marriage.Ā Yehuda is obviously hesitant, fearing that Shayla might suffer the same fate as his brothers. He therefore encourages Tamar to return to her fatherās house where she should remain a widow until Shayla (ש×Öµ×Öø×) comes of age when it would be appropriate for him to marry Tamar.[11]Ā The commentaries disagree as to whether Yehudaās suggestion was sincere[12] or merely a ploy from the outset, a pretext to avoid having Shayla marry Tamar.[13]
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The Torahās description of levirate marriage found in Parshat Ki Teitze contains three central components.[14]Ā 1) The widow of the deceased, childless brother may not marry another man without being released (×Ö¹× ×ŖÖ“×Ö°×Ö¶× ×ֵש×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö·×Ö¼Öµ×Ŗ ×Ö·××Ö¼×¦Öø× ×Ö°×Ö“××©× ×ָר); 2) One of the surviving brothers should marry the deceased brotherās widow (×Ö¼×Ö°×§Öø×Öø×Ö¼ ××Ö¹ ×Ö°×֓שּ×Öø× ×Ö°×Ö“×Ö¼Ö°×Öø×Ö¼); and 3) the most important and the purpose underlying the other two requirements is that the firstborn child born of this union will succeed and perpetuate the deceased brotherās name in order that it not be obliterated from Yisrael (×Ö°×Öø×Öø× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö°××ֹר ×ֲש×ֶר ×ŖÖ¼Öµ×Öµ× ×Öø×§×Ö¼× ×¢Ö·× ×©×Öµ× ×Öø×Ö“×× ×Ö·×Ö¼Öµ×Ŗ ×Ö°×Ö¹× ×Ö“×Ö¼Öø×Ö¶× ×©×Ö°××Ö¹ ×Ö“×ּ֓ש×ְרָ×Öµ×).Ā If the surviving brother is unwilling to fulfill these requirements, he has the option to forgo the levirate marriage by performing a public Chalitza ceremony that denigrates his choice not sustain his brotherās name (×Ö°×Öø×ØÖ°×§Öø× ×Ö¼Ö°×¤Öø× Öø×× ×Ö°×¢Öø× Ö°×ŖÖø× ×Ö°×Öø×Ö°×ØÖø× ×Ö¼Öø×Öø× ×ֵעָש×Ö¶× ×Öø×Ö“××©× ×ֲש×ֶר ×Ö¹× ×Ö“×Ö°× Ö¶× ×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö¼Öµ××Ŗ ×Öø×Ö“××) and thereby releases his brotherās widow to marry whomever she pleases.
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In the story of Yehuda and Tamar, Onan is asked by his father to perform the levirate marriage with his brotherās widow.Ā He is willing to marry Tamar (accomplishing requirements 1 and 2), but refuses to provide offspring to his deceased brother (requirement 3).Ā Unable to face his fatherās disappointment or defy societal mores, Onan is unwilling to simply walk away from the situation by performing Chalitza.Ā To save face, he therefore provides Tamar with a husband, but in the privacy of his home he wrongs his deceased brother, and maybe Tamar too, by denying him offspring.Ā As a quid pro quo for his refusal to provide his brother a remnant, God takes his life and leaves him childless.Ā When it is Shaylaās turn to perform the levirate marriage with Tamar, Yehuda demands of Tamar that she remain a widow in her fatherās house (requirement 1).Ā This arrangement allows him to maintain the faƧade of fulfilling his obligations to Tamar without having to take the actual risk of having her marry Shayla (requirement 2 and 3).Ā As noted above, it is unclear what Yehudaās true intent was, but the result is unmistakable.Ā A long period of time elapses where Tamar remains tethered to the family, unable to remarry, and yet, even when Shayla reaches maturity, Yehuda never offers his son to Tamar as a husband (×Ö·×ּ֓רְ×Ö¼×Ö¼, ×Ö·×Ö¼Öø×Ö“××...×Ö¼Ö“× ×ØÖø×Ö²×ŖÖø× ×Ö¼Ö“×-×Öø×Ö·× ×©×Öµ×Öø× ×Ö°×Ö“×× ×Ö¹×-× Ö“×ŖÖ¼Ö°× Öø× ××Ö¹ ×Ö°×֓שּ×Öø×).
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Shaylaās name and place of birth may offer a subtle clue as to how the Torah views Yehudaās conduct.[15]Ā He is born in Kāziv (×Ö“×Ö°×Ö“××) which derives from the root K.Z.V. (×××) which connotes a falsehood, a lie or fallaciousness.Ā Likewise, his name Shayla (ש×Öµ×Öø×) means to deceive, mislead or create an illusion of false security.Ā Both of these words[16] appear in the story of Elisha and the Isha HaShunamit (Haftorah for Parshat Vayera).[17]Ā The Isha HaShunamit generously extends herself and tends to Elishaās needs and hosts him whenever he is in the area.Ā In order to repay her kindness to him, Elisha asks the woman what she desires so that he can provide it for her.Ā The woman eschews Elishaās offer, responding that she is a woman of stature that lacks for nothing.Ā After consulting with his aide Gechazi, Elisha realizes that the woman is childless and the only thing that this woman was in need of that Elisha could provide for her was an opportunity to bear offspring.Ā When Elisha at first promises her a child, she responds in disbelief, āDo not delude your maidservant (×Ö·× ×ŖÖ¼Ö°×Ö·×Ö¼Öµ× ×ְּש×֓פְ×Öø×ŖÖ¶×Öø).ā[18]Ā In the end, Elishaās promise of a child comes to fruition, but after a number of years, tragically, her son passes away.Ā Distraught, she travels to Elisha and bitterly reminds him, ādid I ask for a child from my master, did I not tell you, do not mislead me (×Ö¹× ×ŖÖ·×©×Ö°×Ö¶× ×Ö¹×ŖÖ“×).ā[19]Ā Similarly, the word appears in the story where David HaMelech, the king of Yehuda, reaches an agreement with Avner, the general of the kingdom of the other tribes, to merge the kingdoms and appoint David as the king of the newly unified kingdom.[20]Ā The treaty was reached in the absence of Yoav, the general of Davidās army, and when Yoav returns from the battlefield and gets wind of the agreement, he is incensed.Ā His anger might have been a result of, as Yoav expresses, his being suspicious of Avnerās motives.Ā It also could have been driven by personal interest because he suspects that as a reward for his initiative in bringing the kingdoms together, David would appoint Avner as the general of the joint kingdom supplanting him.Ā Lastly, his anger may have been precipitated by revenge since Yoav held a personal grudge against Avner ever since he had killed Yoavās younger brother Asaāel.Ā Therefore, Yoav, acting of his own volition, lures Avner back to Chevron, the capital city of Dovidās kingdom, in order to kill him.Ā Upon his return, he takes him aside into the gateway and speaks to him deceivingly or under a false pretense (×Ö°×Ö·×ֵּքר ×Ö“×ŖÖ¼Ö×Ö¹ ×ַּשּ×Ö¶Ö×Ö“×) in order to unsuspectingly entrap and kill him.[21]Ā Against this backdrop, it is clear from the appearance of these words with regards to Shayla (×××, ש××) in the story of Yehuda and Tamar that the Torah casts Yehudaās behavior in a critical light.Ā It is implicitly charging him with acting deceivingly towards Tamar while maintaining the outward appearance of fulfilling his obligations; pushing her away indefinitely with empty promises while giving a pretense of doing that which is moral and right towards Tamar, effectively cloaking his intentions in a veneer of propriety.
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After Adam and Chava partake of the fruit of the Etz Hadaāat (עׄ ×××¢×Ŗ), God appears to Adam and gently engages him in conversation by asking him his whereabouts.[22]Ā Adam responds that he is hiding due to being afraid of God because he was naked.Ā Ā After Adamās admission, God then inquires, āWho told you that you were naked?ā Finally, God poses the central question as to whether Adam had failed to adhere to Godās command not to eat from the tree, āDid you eat from the tree which I forbade you to eat from?ā[23]Ā Surprisingly, Adam offers no mea culpa and does not accept responsibility for his disobedience.Ā Instead, he instantly responds, āThe woman who You gave to be at my side, she gave me from the tree and I ate it,ā pinning the blame on his wife.[24]Ā God repeats the same exercise with the woman and she fares no better when she replies, āThe serpent beguiled me and I ate.ā[25]Ā Rashi underscores that Adamās statement indicated his ingratitude (×פ×× ×××) since he assigns the culpability to God by declaringĀ it was the āwoman that You gave to be at my sideā who caused all this disobedience, effectively transforming Godās gift into the source of his downfall.[26]
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Taking his parentās lead, a similar scenario unfolds after Kayin kills his brother Hevel.Ā God asks Kayin as to where his brother Hevel could be found.Ā Shirking all responsibility, Kayin offhandedly responds, āI do not know, am I my brotherās keeper?!ā[27]Ā All of their responses, which evade any personal accountability, lead one to wonder whether each of them was genuinely surprised when God informs them of their respective punishments for what they had done wrong.Ā Moreover, such deflection makes rectifying the misdeed exceedingly difficult since the first step in remediation is acknowledging wrongdoing.Ā This abdication of personal responsibility will be a pronounced and recurring issue throughout Sefer Bereishit.
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Another story with notable similarities to the case of Yehuda and Tamar is the incident involving Lot and his two daughters.Ā Both feature relationships that will be explicitly prohibited in Sefer Vayikra, yet in Sefer Bereishit, before the Torah is given, are portrayed as justified by dire circumstances and a broader understanding of levirate marriage.Ā In this case, Lotās daughters, in the aftermath of Sodomās destruction, mistakenly believe that the entire world has been annihilated and that they and their father are humanityās sole survivors.Ā Operating under this false premise, they conclude that the only chance to preserve a future for humanity is to cohabit with their father.Ā They intoxicate their father in order to facilitate this unseemly act.Ā The Gemara commenting on the verse in Hoshea that states, āFor the ways of God are just, the righteous will walk in them while the wicked will stumble in themā[28] cites the incident of Lot and his daughters as being analogous with this Pasuk.[29]Ā Accordingly, the Naviās view of Lot versus his daughters is distinctly different despite the fact that they engaged in the same activity and āwalkedā on the same path. Ā āThey [Lotās daughters] who intended for a Mitzva are a manifestation of āthe righteous will walk in them,āā while āhe [Lot] who intended for a transgression is an illustration of āthe wicked will stumble in them.āāĀ In implicating Lot, the Gemara ascribes nefarious intent to Lotās behavior, despite the fact that he was intoxicated throughout the whole affair.Ā Even absent the Gemaraās explicit incriminations, it would seem that Lotās silence is his undoing.Ā Had he been willing to āacknowledge, justify and dignifyā (××צ×××§) the ennobled behavior of his daughters and to take responsibility for what had transpired then he might have been walking the same path as his daughters.Ā Instead, he silently exits the stage of history under a cloud of incest.
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When Rivka gets wind of the fact that Yitzchak would like to bless Eisav, she jumps into action in order to secure the Beracha for Yaakov, who she thinks is the more befitting recipient (see Parshat Vayetze ā Running from Confrontation).Ā Yaakov is circumspect about his motherās plan because he has smooth skin whereas his brother Eisav is hairy.[30]Ā This difference could easily be discerned by his fatherās heightened sense of touch (see Parshat Toldot ā Making Sense of the Blessing) and that would cause the whole ruse to be uncovered.[31]
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What is so striking about the story is the reason that Yaakov professes his hesitancy in undertaking his motherās plan.Ā He confides to his mother that he is afraid of being discovered by his father as a deceiver which will result in his father cursing him rather than blessing him (×Ö°×Öø×Ö“××ŖÖ“× ×Ö°×¢Öµ×× Öø×× ×Ö¼Ö“×Ö°×ŖÖ·×¢Ö°×ŖÖ¼Öµ×¢Ö· ×Ö°×Öµ×Öµ××ŖÖ“× ×¢Öø×Ö·× ×§Ö°×Öø×Öø× ×Ö°×Ö¹× ×ְרָ×Öø×).Ā Rivka assuages Yaakovās fears by telling him that āmy son, your curse is upon me (×¢Öø×Ö·× ×§Ö“×Ö°×Öø×ŖÖ°×Öø ×Ö¼Ö°× Ö“×).āĀ This reassurance suffices to entice Yaakov into implementing Rivkaās plan.Ā While this interaction highlights Rivkaās fortitude, it does not necessarily reflect positively on Yaakov.Ā Notably, it is interesting that Yaakovās hesitancy with regards to his motherās strategy entirely revolves around his being caught rather than with the methodology being employed.Ā He does not express any moral reticence, but rather simply the fear of being exposed which would tarnish his image and land him with a curse.Ā Moreover, what ultimately convinces Yaakov to carry through with the plan is his motherās acceptance of responsibility for any negative outcome.Ā This seems to suggest that Yaakov is willing to engage in deceit as long as he does not have to bear the weight of the possible consequences.Ā If he truly believes his behavior is warranted, then he should be willing to accept the ramifications of his actions; if he thinks such an approach is unacceptable, then his motherās pledge to shield him from the repercussions should have had no impact.
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In the end, Yaakov, as the primary beneficiary of the deceit, is freed of any accountability for his actions and that is what convinces him to become an accomplice to the duplicity.Ā This attitude of privilege without responsibility will continue to accompany Yaakov throughout his life.Ā Unfortunately, clearly indicating Godās displeasure with this type of behavior, he will also personally suffer the repercussions of this initial act of deceit for many years.
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It is important to note of some key words that appear in the story of Yaakovās duping of his father because they will reappear numerous times to remind the reader of the causal relationship between the events that transpire.Ā First, Yaakov utilizes a goat (×Ö¼Ö°×Öø×Öµ× ×¢Ö“×Ö¼Ö“××) to trick his father and that is what helps him to elude detection by his father (×Ö°×Ö¹× ×Ö“×Ö¼Ö“×ר×Ö¹).Ā In addition, Yitzchak terms Yaakovās stealing of the blessings as cunning or deceit (×Ö¼Öø× ×Öø×Ö“××Öø ×Ö¼Ö°×֓רְ×Öø×).Ā A short time later Yaakov finds himself in the house of Lavan being swindled and having his true love Rachel exchanged for Leah after seven years of arduous labor.Ā He then confronts Lavan, āHow could you do this to me, did I not work for you for Rachel, why did you deceive me (×Ö°×Öø×Ö¼Öø× ×ØÖ“×Ö¼Ö“××ŖÖø× Ö“×)?āĀ While Yaakov may not hear it, the wording clearly echoes the Mirma (×֓רְ×Öø×) perpetrated by Yaakov on his father when he switched himself for Eisav.Ā Moreover, Lavanās answer is reminiscent of a page out of Yaakovās book when he denies any responsibility for the fraud by attributing the subterfuge to the local practices that restrict marrying off the younger sister before the older one.
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This pattern of Yaakov evading responsibility continues to make appearances in Parshat Vayeitze.Ā The first instance occurs when Rachel begs him to provide her with a child.Ā Yaakov responds harshly, and maybe correctly, that āAm I in place of God, who has withheld from you offspring (×Ö²×ŖÖ·×Ö·×Ŗ ×Ö±×Ö¹×§Ö“×× ×Öø× Ö¹×Ö“× ×ֲש×ֶר ×Öø× Ö·×¢ ×Ö“×Ö¼Öµ×Ö° ×¤Ö¼Ö°×ØÖ“× ×Öø×Ö¶×).āĀ This reply denies Yaakovās duty as a husband to share in the burden of her pain and to do whatever is within his power, including praying, to grant his wife her God-given right to a child.Ā Instead, he displays indifference and throws the entire responsibility on the Divine.Ā Later, at the end of the Parsha, during the confrontation between Yaakov and Lavan at Har HaGilad, Lavan accuses Yaakov of making off with his gods.Ā Yaakov, asserting his innocence with regards to the theft, declares, āWhoever is found in possession of your gods will not live; in front of our brothers identify (×Ö·×ֶּר ×Ö°×Öø) what is yours with me and take itā¦āĀ The word Haker (×Ö·×ֶּר) is familiar because it is the same verb used to describe Yitzchakās inability to discern (×Ö°×Ö¹× ×Ö“×Ö¼Ö“×ר×Ö¹) the ruse being played on him by Yaakov.Ā Here too, Yaakov unknowingly is dragged into making a declaration against his wife who without his knowledge absconded with her fatherās gods.Ā In addition, Yaakov places the responsibility solely on the perpetrator rather than also acknowledging his own role as the leader of the family.
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In the beginning of this weekās Parsha, the brothers can no longer tolerate Yosef and decide to rid themselves of the problem.Ā As the Torah testifies, Reuven attempts to intercede to rescue Yosef, but is unsuccessful.Ā It is interesting to note Reuvenās reaction upon learning that Yosef is missing which evokes memories of Yaakov in his fatherās house.Ā Upon his discovering the pit where Yosef was thrown by the brothers to be empty, Reuven rents his clothing and declares, āthe child is gone, and, I, where shall I go (×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¶Ö£×Ö¶× ×Öµ×× Ö¶Ö× Ö¼×Ö¼ ×Ö·×Ö²× Ö“Ö× ×ÖøÖ„× Öø× ×Ö²× Ö“×Ö¾×ÖøÖ½×)?āĀ Here, Reuven is not concerned about his father or Yosef, but rather about his standing as the eldest brother.Ā On top of this, Yehudaās suggestion to his brothers that they not kill Yosef, but rather sell him as a slave also reflects this same mentality.Ā By not killing their brother, Yehuda spares himself and his brothers the direct guilt of having committed fratricide.Ā What Yehuda fails to acknowledge is that Torah views kidnapping and selling an individual with the same severity as murder,[32] they both warrant the death penalty.Ā While murder obviously involves more depravity and is irreversible, the Torah through their similar punishments places the violation of the transgressions on par.Ā Here too, Yehuda is attempting to perpetuate a deception and advance his own interests without having to feel the guilt or responsibility of his actions.Ā Lastly, the brothers deceive their father by dipping Yosefās cloak in goatās blood (×Ö·Ö½×ּ֓ש×Ö°×Ö²××Ö¼Ö ×©×Ö°×¢Ö“Ö£×ר ×¢Ö“×Ö¼Ö“Ö×× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö“×Ö°×Ö¼Ö°×Ö„×Ö¼ ×Ö¶×ŖÖ¾×Ö·×Ö¼Ö»×ŖÖ¼Ö¹Ö× Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¼ÖøÖ½×), then asking Yaakov to identify the cloak of his son Yosef (×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¶×ØÖ¾× ÖøÖ× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö°×ŖÖ¹Ö§× Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö¼Ö“× Ö°×ÖøÖ ×Ö“Ö×× ×Ö“×Ö¾×Ö¹Ö½×) which he does recognize (×Ö·×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¼Ö“×רָ֤×Ö¼).Ā This perpetual evading of responsibility is now permeating the next generation and Yaakovās children are now deceiving him in the same way that he misled his father.
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Yehuda never anticipated, or certainly underestimated, his fatherās reaction to the loss of Yosef.Ā None of Yaakovās children or grandchildren are able to console him and it casts an unbearable pall over the entire family.Ā This leads into the next story about Yehuda (×Ö·×Ö¼ÖµÖ„×ØÖ¶× ×Ö°××Ö¼×ÖøÖ× ×Öµ×ÖµÖ£×Ŗ ×Ö¶×ÖøÖ××), as discussed above, but this time the outcome will be different and will change the trajectory of Sefer Bereishit.
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Yehuda is left with one child, Shayla, who he is reluctant to allow Tamar to marry.Ā In many ways, it mirrors his fatherās predicament and mourning over losing Yosef.Ā Though, the most important factor in the story is Yehudaās attempt to maintain this cycle of privilege without responsibility.Ā In order to save face and appear to be adhering to the time-honored practice of levirate marriage, Yehuda sends Tamar, the poor widow, home to await Shayla growing up and being ready to marry her.Ā Tamar quickly realizes that Yehuda has no intention of ever letting her marry Shayla, but he is unwilling to release her from the tether of the levirate marriage.Ā To free Tamar, Yehuda would have to publicly acknowledge his unwillingness to allow Shayla to marry Tamar and suffer the consequences of the public humiliation and denigration associated with the Chalitza ceremony.Ā It is far more convenient to present the pretense of purporting to accomplish the levirate marriage by demanding that Tamar remain a widow in waiting (requirement 1) while denying her the ability to marry and allowing his deceased son to have a remnant (requirements 2 and 3).Ā Determined to change her predicament, Tamar acts out of desperation and devises an audacious plan to rectify the situation.Ā The key to her plan was entrapping Yehuda and then having him declare her culpable for adultery because of her tether to Shayla.Ā Tamar successfully executes on her daring strategy when she seduces Yehuda to sleep with her and takes his personal objects as collateral (עֵרָ×Ö×Ö¹×) for the payment of the harlotry which was to be a goat (×Ö¼Ö°×Ö“Ö½×Ö¾×¢Ö“×Ö¼Ö“Ö××).Ā After three months, word gets out that Tamar is pregnant and Yehuda declares, probably much to his relief, that she is deserving of death for her adultery since she is married or tethered to Shayla.Ā Tamar then sends to Yehuda his personal objects and says that I am pregnant from this individual ā do you recognize his effects (×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¶×ØÖ¾× ÖøÖ× ×Ö°×Ö“Ö× ×Ö·×Ö¹×ŖÖ¶Ö§×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö°×ַפְּת֓××Ö“Ö×× ×Ö°×Ö·×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¼Ö¶Ö× ×Öø×ÖµÖ½×Ö¼Ö¶×)?Ā Yehuda is now effectively entrapped in the same way that he deceived his father.Ā In his attempt to rid himself of Tamar, Tamar successfully induces Yehuda to declare her married (×ÖøÖ½× Ö°×ŖÖø×Ö ×ŖÖ¼Öø×ָ֣ר ×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¼Öø×ŖÖ¶Ö×Öø ×Ö°×Ö·Ö× ×Ö“× Ö¼ÖµÖ„× ×ָרָÖ× ×Ö“×Ö°× ×Ö¼× Ö“Ö×× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹Ö£××ֶר ×Ö°××Ö¼×ÖøÖ× ××ֹצ֓××Ö×Ö¼×Öø ×ְת֓שּ×ָרֵֽף) which is the requirement of the widow to await the deceased brotherās hand in marriage.Ā But if she can be prosecuted for being married, where is her husband?Ā By staying in the family and actually engaging Yehuda (the source of her pregnancy), Tamar demonstrates her loyalty to the levirate marriage and forces Yehuda to confront his duplicity of tethering Tamar without offering her Shayla.Ā He was preserving his personal standing at Tamarās expense ā taking privilege without responsibility.Ā At that crucial moment, Yehuda takes full responsibility (×Ö·×Ö¼Ö·×ֵּ֣ר ×Ö°××Ö¼×ÖøÖ×) when he blurts out, āShe is more righteous than I (צָֽ×Ö°×§ÖøÖ£× ×Ö“×Ö¼Ö¶Ö× Ö¼Ö“×)ā and more importantly acknowledges his shirking of his duties to Tamar when he clearly states āfor I did not give her to my son Shayla (×Ö¼Ö“Ö½×Ö¾×¢Ö·×Ö¾×Ö¼ÖµÖ„× ×Ö¹×Ö¾× Ö°×ŖÖ·×ŖÖ¼Ö“Ö××Öø ×ְש×Öµ×ÖøÖ£× ×Ö°× Ö“Ö×).ā[33]
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Tamar successfully engineers a major change in the family, marking a pivotal turning point in Sefer Bereishit.Ā Yehudaās acceptance of responsibility finally breaks the cycle of deceit and duplicity and plants the seeds for the reconciliation and eventual salvation of the family.Ā The first glimpse of this appears in next weekās Parsha, when the brothers are forced to bring Binyamin down to Egypt.Ā Yaakov is reluctant to agree to that condition and rebuffs Reuvenās efforts to convince him otherwise.Ā Not being privy to Tamarās tutelage, Reuvenās offer falls short as he pledges his two sons as collateral for Binyamin rather than he himself taking personal responsibility for Binyaminās safe return.[34]Ā Patiently awaiting the right moment, when their supplies had dwindled,[35] Yehuda finally wins Yaakovās acquiescence for transporting Binyamin to Egypt with the following commitment that was taught to him by Tamar: āI myself will be surety for him (×Öø× Ö¹×Ö“× ×ֶעֶרְ×Ö¶× Ö¼×Ö¼); you may hold me responsible: if I do not bring him back to you and set him before you, I shall stand guilty before you foreverā ā personal responsibility![36]Ā While seemingly a trivial commitment in the context of the broader story, this lays the groundwork for the ultimate resurrection of the family.[37]
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This all comes to a head at the end of next weekās Parsha[38] when Binyamin is ācaughtā stealing Yosefās goblet.Ā Yosefās servant chases the brothers down after their departure and accuses them of the theft of his masterās sorcery cup.[39]Ā Unaware that the cup had been secretly planted in Binyaminās bag, the brothers deny the accusation and assert their innocence, declaring that whoever is found in possession of the cup will die (×ֲש×ֶ֨ר ×Ö“×Ö¼Öø×¦ÖµÖ„× ×Ö“×ŖÖ¼Ö×Ö¹ ×Öµ×¢Ö²×Öø×Ö¶Ö××Öø ×Öø×ÖµÖ×Ŗ) and that the remainder of the brothers will remain servants to Yosef.[40]Ā It is eerily similar to Yaakovās pledge of innocence (×¢Ö“Ö × ×ֲש×ֶ֨ר ×ŖÖ¼Ö“×Ö°×¦ÖøÖ£× ×Ö¶×ŖÖ¾×Ö±×Ö¹×Ö¶××ÖøÖ ×Ö¹Ö£× ×Ö“Ö½×Ö°×Ö¶×Ö)[41] when chased down by Lavan searching for his stolen idols.[42]Ā There too, Yaakov is unaware that Rachel had taken them.Ā In both instances, a search ensues of the accusedās possessions and while Rachel successfully hides the idols from her father Lavan, in this instance the servant of Yosef discovers the goblet in Binyaminās sack.Ā While it is unclear as to whether Yaakov is ever made aware of Rachelās actions, nevertheless, in the story of Yaakov and Lavan, it is Rachel, and not Yaakov, who will bear the brunt of Yaakovās declaration.Ā Ā In contrast, with regards to Binyamin and the brothers, in a post-Tamar world, the ending is very different.Ā Yehuda demonstrates his newfound leadership when he takes full responsibility for the misdeed and proposes, as the leader, that he should bear the consequences and receive the punishment that Binyamin deserves.[43]Ā This gives rise to his speech before Yosef in Parshat Vayigash that ultimately brings about the reunification of the family.
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The story of Tamar and Yehuda is found here, immediately after the sale of Yosef, because it is the turning point in Sefer Bereishit.Ā It is the antidote which finally breaks the cycle of the recurring deception and lack of accountability, demonstrating the power of one determined poor widow to change the course of history.Ā It is an important and timeless reminder for us that with all privilege comes responsibility.Ā Personal accountability and responsibility, and that personal accountability is the hallmark of great people and the essential character of true leaders.
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Shabbat Shalom and Chanuka Sameach
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[3]Ā ...× ××¦× ×××”×£ ×ש×ר×× ××××Ŗ×× × ××צר×× ×× ×"× ×©× ×, ×××× ×× ×"× ×©× ×, × ××¦× ×©×¤×רש ×××”×£ ×××¢×§× ×××× ×©×× ×©×××©× ×"× ×©× ×, ××Ŗ×× ××× ××©× ×× × ×©× ××××× ××Ŗ ××Ŗ ש××¢, ×©× ××ר ×××× ××¢×Ŗ ×××× ×××Ø× ××××× ×××', ×××Ø× ×©× ××××× ×××' (×ר×ש××Ŗ ××), ×©× × ×××Ŗ ××¢××××Ø× ×©× ×¢×Ø, ××××× ×¢×Ø ×' ×©× ×× ×× ×©× ×ש×, ××Ø× ×©×× ×, ×©× × ×××Ŗ ×ער, ×©× × ×××Ŗ ×××× × ×©××××, ×©× × ×××Ŗ ×ש×× ×××× × ×××Ŗ ×××× (×ר×ש××Ŗ ×× ××), ×©× × ×××Ŗ ×××ר×× ××××× ××Ŗ××Ŗ ××Ŗ ש××¢ (×ר×ש××Ŗ ×× ××), ×©× × ×××Ŗ ××¢××××Ø× ×©× ×¤×Ø×„, ××××× ×¤×Ø×„ ×' ×©× ×× ×× ×©× ×ש×, ××Ø× ×"×, ×©× × ×××Ŗ ××צר××, ×©× × ×××Ŗ ×××××, ××צר×× ××××× ×ר×× ×¢×× ××צר××... (×”×ר ×¢××× ×Ø×× ×¤×Ø×§ ×)
[4]Ā ××"×Ŗ ××Ø× ××× ××ר××× ×× ×¢× ×©×ר×× ××××Ŗ×× × ××צר×× [רק] עשר×× ×שת××× ×©× × ×××× ××רע ש××Ŗ×× ×× ×××× ××©×Ŗ× ×©× ××××× ×¢×Ø ×××× × ×ש×× ×××Ŗ×× ××ר×× ××××× ××Ŗ××Ŗ ××Ŗ ש××¢ ×××' ×××"× × ×Ŗ×¢××Ø× ×Ŗ×ר ××××× ×¤×Ø×„ ×××Ø× ×פרׄ ××××× ××Ŗ ×צר×× ××××× ×§××× ×©×ר×× ××צר××. תש××× ×××ר ××× ××Ŗ××× ×¢× ×× ×©××Ø× ××ר××Ŗ ×ר×ש×× ×× ××× ××××××× ×ש××¢ ×©× ×× ××× ×¢×©× ××× ×××××Ŗ× ××”×ר ×¢××× ×××¦× ×©× × ×××Ŗ ×¢××Ŗ× ××¢××××Ø× ×©× ×¢×Ø ××רת ×××× × ××רת ×ש×××. ××××× ×¢×Ø ×ש×× ×' ×©× ×× ×× ×©× ×Ŗ×ר ××Ø× ×©××× × ×©× ×× ×ש××Ø× ××××× ×¢× ×××× ×¢×Ø רע ×××××Ŗ××. ×©× × ×Ŗ×©××¢××Ŗ × ×©× ××× × ×××××Ŗ× ×©× × ××Ŗ. ×©× × ×¢×©×ר××Ŗ ×¢××Ŗ× ×××××× ×©××× ×©× ××ר ש×× ×××× × ×××Ŗ ×××× ×××'. ×©× ×Ŗ ×××Ŗ ×¢×©×Ø× ××ר×× ××××× ×©××× ×©××× ××× × ×©×× ×××× ××Ŗ×ר ×××' ×¢× ×××× ×××× ××Ŗ×ר ××. ×©× ×Ŗ שת×× ×¢×©×Ø× ×¢××Ŗ× ××¢×××ר פרׄ ××ר×, ×ש×× ×¤×Ø×„ ש××¢ ×©× ×× ×× ×©× ××©× ××Ø× ×Ŗ×©×¢ ×¢×©×Ø× ×©× × ×ש××Ø× ×××××. ×©× ×Ŗ עשר×× ×¢××Ŗ× ××¢××××Ø× ×©× ×צר×× ××©× ×Ŗ עשר×× ××××Ŗ ××¢×××Ø× ×©× ×××× ×××©× ×Ŗ שת×× ×עשר×× × ××× ×××× ×××Ø× ××× ××צר×× ×××× ×¢× ××××Ŗ× ××צר××. (×××§×× × ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,×) \\ ...×××שר ×××Ŗ×× × ×××× ×Ø××× ×ר××Ŗ× ×× ××× ×©×× ××¢×× ××, ×××× ×¢××× × × ×¢×Ø ××××× ×× ××× ×× ×¢×©×Ø ×©× ×× ×××× ×××Ŗ×× ×× ×¢××, ×× ×××Ø× ×Ŗ×ר ××Ø× ×Ŗ×××Ŗ× ×××××× ××רע ××§×ש ××¢×©×Ŗ× ×××¢×©× ×××: (ר××"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××)
[5]Ā ×××”×£ ××× ××”×××××Ŗ ש×× ×, ×××××× ××”×××××Ŗ Ā ×××Ŗ עשר×, ××שר ××¢×§× ××ר ×××ר ×¢× ×××× ××רׄ ×× ×¢× ×©×××”××£ ×¢×× ×Ŗ×©×¢ ×©× ×× (17-8=9 ×¢××× ××¢×Ø× 2) ש×× ×××× ××”×פ×ר ×©× ××××× ×צ×צ××× ××תר×ש
[6]Ā ×××× ××¢×Ŗ ××××, ××× ××× ×¦×Ø×× ×§×Ø××× ××××ר ××× ××××”×£ ×××Ø× ×צר×××, ×××¤× × ×× ××”××× ×¤×Ø×©× ×× ×××, ר×× ×××¢×ר ×ר' ×××× ×, ר×× ×××¢×ר ××ר ××× ××”××× ×ר××× ××ר×××, ר×× ×××× × ××ר ××× ××”××× ××ר ×××ר, ר"ש ×ר × ××× ××ר ××× ××”××× ××¢×©× ×Ŗ×ר ×××¢×©× ××©×Ŗ× ×©× ×¤×××פר, ×× ×× ××©× ×©××× ××£ ×× ××©× ×©×××, ××"ר ×××שע ×× ××× ×Ø××× ×××Ŗ× ×××”×ר×××××× ×©×× ×©××× ×¢×Ŗ××× ×××¢××× ××× × ×× ××× ×××Ŗ× ××××¢×Ŗ ×× ××× × ×× ×××Ŗ× (×ר×ש××Ŗ ר×× ×¤×,×) \\ ×××× ××¢×Ŗ ×××× - ××× × ×”××× ×¤×Ø×©× ×× ××××, ××פה××§ ××¤×Ø×©×Ŗ× ×©× ×××”×£, ×××× ×©××ר××××× ×××× ××××××Ŗ× ×שר×× ×צרת ×××××, ×××Ø× ××Ŗ× ××רת ×××ר×, ××× ××רת ××ש××× ×××× × ×©×××¢×× ××: (רש"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,×)
[7]Ā ×Ö¼Ö“× ×ֵש×Ö°××Ö¼ ×Ö·×Ö“×× ×Ö·×Ö°×Ö¼Öø× ×Ö¼×Öµ×Ŗ ×Ö·×Ö·× ×Öµ×Ö¶× ×Ö¼×Öµ× ×Öµ×× ××Ö¹ ×Ö¹× ×ŖÖ“×Ö°×Ö¶× ×ֵש×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö·×Ö¼Öµ×Ŗ ×Ö·××Ö¼×¦Öø× ×Ö°×Ö“××©× ×ָר ×Ö°×Öø×Öø×Ö¼ ×Öø×Ö¹× ×¢Öø×Ö¶××Öø ×Ö¼×Ö°×§Öø×Öø×Ö¼ ××Ö¹ ×Ö°×֓שּ×Öø× ×Ö°×Ö“×Ö¼Ö°×Öø×Ö¼: ×Ö°×Öø×Öø× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö°××ֹר ×ֲש×ֶר ×ŖÖ¼Öµ×Öµ× ×Öø×§×Ö¼× ×¢Ö·× ×©×Öµ× ×Öø×Ö“×× ×Ö·×Ö¼Öµ×Ŗ ×Ö°×Ö¹× ×Ö“×Ö¼Öø×Ö¶× ×©×Ö°××Ö¹ ×Ö“×ּ֓ש×ְרָ×Öµ×: ×Ö°×Ö“× ×Ö¹× ×Ö·×ְפֹּׄ ×Öø×Ö“××©× ×Öø×§Ö·×Ö·×Ŗ ×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö°×Ö“×Ö°×ŖÖ¼×Ö¹ ×Ö°×¢Öø×Ö°×ŖÖø× ×Ö°×Ö“×Ö°×ŖÖ¼×Ö¹ ×ַשּ×Ö·×¢Ö°×ØÖø× ×Ö¶× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö°×§Öµ× Ö“×× ×Ö°×Öø×Ö°×ØÖø× ×Öµ×Öµ× ×Ö°×Öø×Ö“× ×Ö°×Öø×§Ö“×× ×Ö°×Öø×Ö“×× ×©×Öµ× ×Ö¼Ö°×֓ש×ְרָ×Öµ× ×Ö¹× ×Öø×Öø× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö°×Ö“×: ×ְקָרְ××Ö¼ ××Ö¹ ×Ö“×§Ö°× Öµ× ×¢Ö“×ר×Ö¹ ×Ö°×Ö“×ְּר×Ö¼ ×Öµ×Öø×× ×Ö°×¢Öø×Ö·× ×Ö°×Öø×ַר ×Ö¹× ×Öø×¤Ö·×¦Ö°×ŖÖ¼Ö“× ×Ö°×§Ö·×Ö°×ŖÖ¼Öø×Ö¼: ×Ö°× Ö“×ְּש×Öø× ×Ö°×Ö“×Ö°×ŖÖ¼×Ö¹ ×Öµ×Öø×× ×Ö°×¢Öµ×× Öµ× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö°×§Öµ× Ö“×× ×Ö°×Öø×Ö°×¦Öø× × Ö·×¢Ö²××Ö¹ ×Öµ×¢Ö·× ×ØÖ·×Ö°××Ö¹ ×Ö°×Öø×ØÖ°×§Öø× ×Ö¼Ö°×¤Öø× Öø×× ×Ö°×¢Öø× Ö°×ŖÖø× ×Ö°×Öø×Ö°×ØÖø× ×Ö¼Öø×Öø× ×ֵעָש×Ö¶× ×Öø×Ö“××©× ×ֲש×ֶר ×Ö¹× ×Ö“×Ö°× Ö¶× ×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö¼Öµ××Ŗ ×Öø×Ö“××: (××ר×× ××,×-×)
[8]Ā ...××× ××¢× ×× ×”×× ×××× ××”××××Ŗ ××Ŗ××Ø× ××Ŗ××××Ŗ ××××, ×× ×ר ××× ××¢×× × ×Ø×××× ×שר × ×Ŗ× ××× ××©× ×¢×× ×× ×ר×××Ŗ ×××× ×× ×ש×××¢. ×××× ×××××× ××§×××× ×× ×§××× ××Ŗ××Ø× ××××¢×× ×× ×ש ×Ŗ××¢××Ŗ ××××× ××××× ×××, ×××× ×ר××× ×××××Ŗ ×§××× ×× ×××ר×× ×קר×× ××שפ××, ×× ×× ×©××Ø× ×קר×× ×××× ××שפ××Ŗ× ×שר ××× ××רש × ××× ××××¢ ××× × ×Ŗ××¢××Ŗ:... (ר××"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,×)
[9]Ā ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö“×§Ö¼Ö·Ö§× ×Ö°××Ö¼×ÖøÖ× ×֓שּ×ÖøÖ× ×ְעֵ֣ר ×Ö¼Ö°××ֹרÖ×Ö¹ ×ּש×Ö°×ÖøÖ×Ö¼ ×ŖÖ¼Öø×ָֽר: ×Ö·×Ö°×Ö“Ö× ×¢ÖµÖר ×Ö¼Ö°×Ö£×ֹר ×Ö°××Ö¼×ÖøÖ× ×ØÖ·Ö×¢ ×Ö¼Ö°×¢Öµ×× ÖµÖ£× ×Ö°×§Ö¹×ÖøÖ×§ ×Ö·×Ö°×Ö“×ŖÖµÖ××Ö¼ ×Ö°×§Ö¹×ÖøÖ½×§: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,×-×)
[10] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹Ö¤××ֶר ×Ö°××Ö¼×Öø×Ö ×Ö°××Ö¹× ÖøÖ× ×Ö¼Ö¹Ö× ×Ö¶×Ö¾×ֵքש×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Öø×Ö“Ö××Öø ×Ö°×Ö·×Ö¼ÖµÖ£× ×Ö¹×ŖÖøÖ×Ö¼ ×Ö°×Öø×§ÖµÖ„× ×Ö¶Öרַע ×Ö°×Öø×Ö“Ö½××Öø: ×Ö·×Ö¼ÖµÖ£×Ö·×¢ ××Ö¹× ÖøÖ× ×Ö¼Ö“Ö× ×Ö¼Ö¹Ö„× ×Ö×Ö¹ ×Ö“×Ö°×Ö¶Ö£× ×Ö·×Ö¼ÖøÖרַע ×Ö°×Öø×ÖøÖ× ×Ö“×Ö¾×Ö¼ÖøÖØ× ×Ö¶×Ö¾×ֵ֤ש×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Öø×Ö“××Ö ×ְש×Ö“×ÖµÖ£×Ŗ ×Ö·Ö×ØÖ°×¦Öø× ×Ö°×Ö“×Ö°×ŖÖ¼Ö“Ö„× × Ö°×ŖÖø×Ö¾×Ö¶Öרַע ×Ö°×Öø×Ö“Ö½××: ×Ö·×Ö¼ÖµÖרַע ×Ö¼Ö°×¢Öµ×× ÖµÖ„× ×Ö°×§Ö¹×ÖøÖ×§ ×ֲש×ֶ֣ר עָש×ÖøÖ× ×Ö·×Ö¼ÖøÖ×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¾×Ö¹×ŖÖ½×Ö¹: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,×-×)
[11] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹Ö£××ֶר ×Ö°××Ö¼×Öø×Ö© ×Ö°×ŖÖø×ָ֨ר ×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¼Öø×ŖÖ×Ö¹ ש×Ö°×Ö“Ö§× ×Ö·×Ö°×Öø× ÖøÖ£× ×Öµ××ŖÖ¾×Öø×Ö“Ö××Ö° ×¢Ö·×Ö¾×Ö“×Ö°×Ö¼Ö·×Ö ×©×Öµ×ÖøÖ£× ×Ö°× Ö“Ö× ×Ö¼Ö“Ö£× ×Öø×Ö·Öר פֶּ×Ö¾×Öø×Ö„×Ö¼×Ŗ ×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¾×Ö×Ö¼× ×Ö¼Ö°×Ö¶×ÖøÖ×× ×Ö·×ŖÖ¼ÖµÖ£×Ö¶×Ö° ×ŖÖ¼Öø×ÖøÖר ×Ö·×ŖÖ¼ÖµÖש×Ö¶× ×Ö¼ÖµÖ„××Ŗ ×Öø×Ö“Ö½××Öø: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××)
[12] ...××קר×× ××תר ש××× ×××ר ××Ŗ × ×ש×××× (×©× ×©××) ×¢× ×©×××× ××¤× ×©××©× ×©×××Ŗ× ×”×××Ŗ ×××Ŗ×Ŗ× ×©× ×¢× ×××× × ×©× ×©×× (×××××Ŗ×) צע×ר×× ××××× ×¢× ××× ××××× ×××××©× ×©××Ø×¢× ××× ××× ××× ×××¢ ××Ŗ ×התר××× ×שר ××× (×') ××Ŗ×¢×× ××ש×× ×©×××× (××©× ×Ø××× ×). (ר' ××ר×× ×× ×ר××"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××) \\ ×× ××ר - ××××ר ××× ×××× ×××Ŗ× ×קש, ש×× ××× ×××¢×Ŗ× ××ש××× ××. ×× ××ר ×¤× ××××Ŗ ×× ××× ×××××, ×× ×××××§×Ŗ ××× ×× ×©××××Ŗ× ×× ×©××, ×ש×× ×Ø×©"×. ××× ×××¢×Ŗ× ××× ××Ŗ×××ש ××××× ××××©× ××××Ø× ×× ×××©× ××××Ŗ ××× ×××ר ×××× ××× ×ש××× ××××Ŗ×, ×××× ×××¢× ×××Ŗ×, ×××× ××”××Ø× ×ש××, ××× ×©×××Ø× (×××××Ŗ ×”× ×) ×× ×©×××× ××Ŗ×Ø× ××× × ×××× ×××§×. ××¢××, ×× ×××××Ŗ× ×קפ×× ×¢× ×× ×× ×× ××××× ×××Ŗ× ×©×Ø××¤× × ×Ø×× ×©××× ×פׄ ×× ×××××Ŗ× ××××Ŗ×. ×ר×××§ ××× ×©×× ×©××¢ ××××× ×× ×× ×× ×××× ××ש××× ××× ×¤×©×¢× ×××× ××Ŗ×ר ××× ×××: ××× ××× ××¢×× × ×©××× ×©×× ×Ø××× ××××, ××× ×× ×Ø×¦× ×××× ×©×××× ×××Ŗ× ××¢××× × × ×¢×Ø ×¤× ×××× ×× ××××× ×שר ××Ŗ× ×× ×¢×ר×××, ×× × ×¢×Ø×× ×××, ××× ×××× ××× ×©×Ŗ×× ×¢×©×Ø× ×©× ×, ×××שר ×××× ××ש××¢ ×××הר ×××× ×× ××Ŗ× × × ×× ××ש×. ×××שר ×××Ŗ×× × ×××× ×Ø××× ×ר××Ŗ× ×× ××× ×©×× ××¢×× ××, ×××× ×¢××× × × ×¢×Ø ××××× ×× ××× ×× ×¢×©×Ø ×©× ×× ×××× ×××Ŗ×× ×× ×¢××, ×× ×××Ø× ×Ŗ×ר ××Ø× ×Ŗ×××Ŗ× ×××××× ××רע ××§×ש ××¢×©×Ŗ× ×××¢×©× ×××: (ר××"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××) \\ ×× ××ר ā ×× ×××Ŗ× ××××× × ×©×שש ש××× ×§××× ××Ŗ ×§×©× ×§×ש××Ŗ ×ר××"× ×× ×× ××ש ×××ר ×× ×©×Ŗ×× ××. ××Ŗ×, ××Ø× ×××××§×Ŗ ×Ŗ× ××× ××× ××××××Ŗ (×”×,×) ×× ××Ŗ×Ø× ×× ××Ŗ××Ŗ ××Ŗ×××§×Ŗ ×××. ××Ŗ×, ××× ××××§ ×××Ŗ×× "×¤× ××××Ŗ ×× ××× ×××××", ××× × ×¤×§× ××× × ××× ×©××× "××××". ×ש×× ××× ×¤×רש ×ר××"× ×©×שש ש×× ×××©× ×× ××× ××¢×××, ××¤× × ×××××Ŗ×, ××× ××Ŗ× ×הפ××Ø× ×. ××× ××× × × ××× ××¤× ××ר×× × ×©×× × ×©×Ŗ×× ×××¢× ××××Ŗ×, ××× × ×Ø×× ×©×× ×××¢ ××××× ××× ×”×××Ŗ ×××Ŗ×Ŗ×.Ā ××× ×× ×¤×ר×ש ××קר×, ×××× ××ר "ש×× ×××× × ×××Ŗ ××××" ×ש×× "×¤× ××××Ŗ ×××'", ××× ×©×× × ××Ŗ× × ×××©× ××××Ŗ× ×©×¢× ×ש×× ××× ×ש×× ×©×× ××× ×Ø××× ×¢×××× ×××ש××Ŗ ש××Ø× ××× ×× ×' ×©× ××, ××× ××× ××ר "ש×× ×××× × ×××Ŗ ××××" ××× ×Ø×¦× ×©×Ŗ×©× ×צ×× ×××× ×©××רת ××× ×©××ש××Ŗ ××××Ŗ ××¢××, ×¢× ×× × ×Ŗ× ×× ××¢× "×¤× ××××Ŗ ×× ××× ×××××", ×× ××× ×× ×××¢ ×”×××Ŗ ×××Ŗ×Ŗ×, ×××שר ×©× ××× ××Ŗ× ××¢×Ø× ×× × ×©××× × ×©× ×× ××”××ר ש×× ×××¢ ×××××× ××××Ŗ ×× × ×©××× ×, ××××× ×× ×× ×× ××× ×××× ×××¢× ××, ××"× ×× ×××× ×× ××× ×××××, ××××× ×Ŗ×©× ××××Ŗ× ×× × ×××× ×× ×¦×¢×Ø ×פ××. ×¢× ×× ×Ŗ×©× ××××Ŗ ×××× ××× ××××Ŗ ××Ø× ×× ×Ŗ× ×©× ×××ש. (× ×¦×"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××)
[13] ×× ××ר ×××' - ××××ר ×××× ××× ×××Ŗ× ×קש, ש×× ××× ×××¢×Ŗ× ××ש××× ××: (רש"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××) \\ ××××ר ××××× ××Ŗ×ר ××' ā ×××× ××× ×"× ×× ×©××ר ×× ×¢× ×××× ×©×× ×× × ×××× ××××××Ŗ× ×××Ŗ× ×©×× ××ש××× ×× ×××... (ר' ××ר×× ×× ×ר××"× ××©× ×”×× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××) \\ ×× ××ר ×¤× ××××Ŗ ā ×”××ר: ××§×ר ×ש××Ŗ ××× ××. ×××××ר ×××ר ××Ŗ×Ø× ×××× × ××× ×××§×, ××× ×××× ××× ×”×× × ×××××ׄ (×××× ×××××Ŗ ×”"×:). (ר"× ×××ר ש×ר ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××)
[14] ×ש××¢×ר ××× ××× ×§××ׄ ×××ר×× ×××××ש×× ×©×©××¢×Ŗ× ××ר×× ×× ×©×× ××××××× ××××ר ×©× ××Ø× ×ר××× ×ר×××ר ××”×¤×Ø× ×¤×Ø×§× ×ר×ש××Ŗ פרק ×× "××××× ××Ŗ×ר"
[15] ×× ×ש×××Ŗ ××”×פ×ר ×× ××××× ××¢× ×××Ø× ××××× ×××§××ש ש××¢×ר ××¢× ××× ×××
[16] ××××××××Ŗ ×××× ×ר×× ×× ×××”× ××Ø× ×× ×× ×ר×ש
[17] ××××× × ×,×-××
[18] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×Ö·×Ö¼×Ö¹×¢Öµ× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¶× ×Ö¼Öø×¢Öµ×Ŗ ×Ö·×Ö¼Öø× ×Ö·×ŖÖ¼Ö° ×Ö¹×Ö¶×§Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö¼Öµ× ×Ö·×ŖÖ¼Ö¹××ֶר ×Ö·× ×Ö²×Ö¹× Ö“× ×Ö“××©× ×Öø×Ö±×Ö¹×§Ö“×× ×Ö·× ×ŖÖ¼Ö°×Ö·×Ö¼Öµ× ×ְּש×֓פְ×Öø×ŖÖ¶×Öø: (××××× × ×,××)
[19] ×Ö·×ŖÖ¼Ö¹××ֶר ×ֲש×Öø×Ö·×Ö°×ŖÖ¼Ö“× ×Öµ× ×Öµ×Öµ×Ŗ ×Ö²×Ö¹× Ö“× ×Ö²×Ö¹× ×Öø×Ö·×ØÖ°×ŖÖ¼Ö“× ×Ö¹× ×ŖÖ·×©×Ö°×Ö¶× ×Ö¹×ŖÖ“×: (××××× × ×,××)
[20] ש×××× × ×,××-×
[21] ×Ö·×ָּ֤ש×Öø× ×Ö·×Ö°× Öµ×ØÖ ×Ö¶×ְרÖ×Ö¹× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¼ÖµÖ¤××Ö¼ ××Ö¹×Öø×Ö ×Ö¶×Ö¾×ŖÖ¼Ö£×Ö¹×Ö° ×ַשּ×Ö·Öעַר ×Ö°×Ö·×ֵּքר ×Ö“×ŖÖ¼Ö×Ö¹ ×ַּשּ×Ö¶Ö×Ö“× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¼ÖµÖ¤××Ö¼ ש×Öø×Ö ×Ö·×Ö¹Ö×Ö¶×©× ×Ö·×Ö¼ÖøÖ×Öø×Ŗ ×Ö¼Ö°×Ö·Ö× ×¢Ö²×©×Öø×Ö¾×ÖµÖ„× ×Öø×Ö“Ö½××: (ש×××× × ×,××) \\ ×ש×× - ×ש××× ×©×× ×××× ××× ×Ø ש×××× ××ר×× ×הרה ×××§×Ø× ××××× ×××× ×ש×× ×× ×Ŗ×× ×שער ×××ר ××Ŗ×: (רש"× ×©×××× × ×,××) \\ ×ש×× - ×¢× ×× ×©××× ×ש××× ××× ×¢× ××©× (ש×××× × ×,× - ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö“Ö½×ַר־×ַ֤ף ×Ö°×§Ö¹×Öø×§Ö ×Ö¼Ö°×¢Ö»×Ö¼ÖøÖ× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¼ÖµÖ„××Ö¼ ש×ÖøÖ× ×Öø×Ö±×Ö¹×§Ö“Ö×× ×¢Ö·×Ö¾×ַשּ×Ö·Ö× ×Ö·×Ö¼ÖøÖ£×Öø×Ŗ ש×ÖøÖ× ×¢Ö“Ö× ×ֲרք×Ö¹× ×Öø×Ö±×Ö¹×§Ö“Ö½××:) ××× ×× ×©× ×Ŗ×©×× (ר××Ŗ ×,×× - ×Ö°×Ö·Ö× ×©×Ö¹×־תָּש×Ö¹Ö„×Ö¼×Ö¼ ×ÖøÖ×Ö¼ ×Ö“×Ö¾×ַצְּ×Öø×ŖÖ“Ö×× ×Ö·×¢Ö²×Ö·×Ö°×ŖÖ¼Ö¶Ö„× ×Ö°×Ö“×§Ö¼Ö°×ÖøÖ× ×Ö°×Ö¹Ö„× ×ŖÖ“×ְעֲר×Ö¼Ö¾×ÖøÖ½×Ö¼:): (×צ×××Ŗ צ××× ×©×××× × ×,××) \\ ××× ×©× ×Ŗ×©×× - ש×× ×Ŗ×©××× ×¢×©× ×¢×¦×××× ××××× ××Ŗ× ×©××××× ×Ŗ×Ø××× ×× ×©××× ×©×××Ŗ× ××× ×¢× ×ש×, ××ר ××ר ×ש×× ×× ××©× ×××Ŗ×: (רש"× ×Ø××Ŗ ×,××)
[22] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö“×§Ö°×ØÖø× ×Ö°×§Ö¹×Öø×§ ×Ö±×Ö¹×§Ö“×× ×Ö¶× ×Öø×Öø×Öø× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ××Ö¹ ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¶×Ö¼Öø×: ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×Ö¶×Ŗ ×§Ö¹×Ö°×Öø ש×Öø×Ö·×¢Ö°×ŖÖ¼Ö“× ×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¼Öø× ×Öø×Ö“××ØÖø× ×Ö¼Ö“× ×¢Öµ××ØÖ¹× ×Öø× Ö¹×Ö“× ×Öø×Öµ×Öø×Öµ×: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ×,×-×)
[23] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×Ö“× ×Ö“×Ö¼Ö“×× ×Ö°×Öø ×Ö¼Ö“× ×¢Öµ××ØÖ¹× ×Öø×ŖÖ¼Öø× ×Ö²×Ö“× ×ָעֵׄ ×ֲש×ֶר צ֓×Ö¼Ö“××ŖÖ“××Öø ×Ö°×Ö“×Ö°×ŖÖ¼Ö“× ×Ö²×Öø× ×Ö“×Ö¼Ö¶× Ö¼×Ö¼ ×Öø×Öø×Ö°×ŖÖ¼Öø: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ×,××)
[24] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×Öø×Öø×Öø× ×Öø×֓שּ×Öø× ×ֲש×ֶר × Öø×ŖÖ·×ŖÖ¼Öø× ×¢Ö“×Ö¼Öø×Ö“× ×Ö“×× × Öø×ŖÖ°× Öø× ×Ö¼Ö“× ×Ö“× ×ָעֵׄ ×Öø×Ö¹×Öµ×: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ×,××)
[25] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×Ö°×§Ö¹×Öø×§ ×Ö±×Ö¹×§Ö“×× ×Öø×֓שּ×Öø× ×Ö·× ×Ö¼Ö¹××Ŗ עָש×Ö“××Ŗ ×Ö·×ŖÖ¼Ö¹××ֶר ×Öø×֓שּ×Öø× ×Ö·× Ö¼Öø×Öø×©× ×֓שּ×Ö“××Ö·× Ö“× ×Öø×Ö¹×Öµ×: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ×,××)
[26] ×שר × ×Ŗ×Ŗ ×¢××× - ××× ×פר ×××××: (רש"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ×,××)
[27] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹Ö¤××ֶר ×Ö°×§Ö¹×Öø×§Ö ×Ö¶×Ö¾×§Ö·Ö×Ö“× ×ÖµÖ× ×Ö¶Ö£×Ö¶× ×Öø×Ö“Ö××Öø ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹Ö××Ö¶×ØÖ ×Ö¹Ö£× ×Öø×Ö·Ö×¢Ö°×ŖÖ¼Ö“× ×ֲש×Ö¹×ֵքר ×Öø×Ö“Ö× ×Öø× Ö¹Ö½×Ö“×: ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹Ö××ֶר ×Ö¶Ö£× ×¢Öø×©×Ö“Ö××ŖÖø ×§Ö×Ö¹× ×Ö¼Ö°×ÖµÖ£× ×Öø×Ö“Ö××Öø צֹעֲק֓ք×× ×Öµ×Ö·Ö× ×Ö“×Ö¾×ÖøÖ½×Ö²×Öø×ÖøÖ½×: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ×,×-×)
[28] ×Ö“Ö¤× ×Öø×Öø×Ö ×Ö°×ÖøÖ£×ÖµÖ½× ×ÖµÖ×Ö¼Ö¶× × Öø×Ö×Ö¹× ×Ö°×ÖµÖ½×Öø×¢ÖµÖ× ×Ö¼Ö“Ö½×Ö¾×ְש×ָר֓Ö×× ×ַּרְ×ÖµÖ£× ×Ö°×§Ö¹×ÖøÖ×§ ×ְצַ×Ö¼Ö“×§Ö“××Ö ×ÖµÖ£×Ö°××Ö¼ ×ÖøÖ× ×ּפֹש×Ö°×¢Ö“Ö×× ×Ö“×ָּքש×Ö°××Ö¼ ×ÖøÖ½×: (××שע ××,×)
[29] ××ר ר×× ×ר ×ר ×× × ××ר ר×× ×××× ×, ××× ×××Ŗ××: ×× ×שר×× ×ר×× ×' ×צ×××§×× ×××× ×× ×פ×שע×× ××ש×× ××?...××× ××©× ×××× ××©×Ŗ× ×× ××Ŗ××, ×× ×©× ×Ŗ×××× × ××©× ×צ×× - צ×××§×× ×××× ××, ××× ×©× ×Ŗ×××× ××©× ×¢×××Ø× - ×פ×שע×× ××ש×× ×× ××××× ××× × ×× ××©× ×צ×× ××× ×××××! ×"ר ×××× ×, ×× ×פה××§ ××× ××©× ×¢×××Ø× × ××ר: ×××©× ××× - ××Ŗ×©× ×שת ××× ×× ××Ŗ ×¢×× ××, ××Ŗ ×¢×× ×× - ××××ר ש×ש×× [×××'] ×××Ŗ× ×§× ×× ×× ××× ××©×Ø× ××¢×× ×, ×××Ø× - ×××Ø× ×××Ŗ× ×©×× ×× ×××ר, ××Ŗ ×× ××ר ××ר×× - ×× ××¢× ××©× ××× × ×¢× ××ר ×××, ×× ××× ××©×§× - ×××× ×××Ø× ××××× × ××Ŗ× × ×××× ××××× ×¦××Ø× ××¤×©×Ŗ× ×©×× × ×שק×××. ××× ××× ×” ×× ××”! ×Ŗ× × ×ש×× ×Ø×× ×××”× ×ר ר×× ××× ×: ××× × ×§×× ×¢× ××"× ×©××§××× ×©× ×××ר×? ×××ר ××, ש×ש××× ×× ×××¢ ××× ××§××× ×××¢. ×××× ×"× ×××¢××? ××× ×××× ×××! × ×¤×§× ××× × - ×××¤× ×× ××ר×× × ×× ××××¢× ××× ×××שת×. (××ר×××Ŗ ×:)
[30] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×Ö·×¢Ö²×§Ö¹× ×Ö¶× ×ØÖ“×Ö°×§Öø× ×Ö“×Ö¼×Ö¹ ×Öµ× ×¢Öµ×©×Öø× ×Öø×Ö“× ×Ö“××©× ×©×ָע֓ר ×Ö°×Öø× Ö¹×Ö“× ×Ö“××©× ×Öø×Öø×§: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××)
[31] ××Ö¼×Ö·× ×Ö°×ֻשּ×Öµ× Ö“× ×Öø×Ö“× ×Ö°×Öø×Ö“××ŖÖ“× ×Ö°×¢Öµ×× Öø×× ×Ö¼Ö“×Ö°×ŖÖ·×¢Ö°×ŖÖ¼Öµ×¢Ö· ×Ö°×Öµ×Öµ××ŖÖ“× ×¢Öø×Ö·× ×§Ö°×Öø×Öø× ×Ö°×Ö¹× ×ְרָ×Öø×: (××,××)
[32] ×Ö¼Ö“× ×Ö“×Ö¼Öø×¦Öµ× ×Ö“××©× ×Ö¼Ö¹× Öµ× × Ö¶×¤Ö¶×©× ×Öµ×Ö¶×Öø×× ×Ö“×Ö¼Ö°× Öµ× ×֓ש×ְרָ×Öµ× ×Ö°×Ö“×ŖÖ°×¢Ö·×ֶּר ×Ö¼×Ö¹ ×Ö¼×Ö°×ָר×Ö¹ ×Ö¼×Öµ×Ŗ ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö·× Ö¼Öø× ×Ö·××Ö¼× ×Ö¼×֓עַרְתָּ ×ָרָע ×֓קּ֓רְ×Ö¼Ö¶×Öø: (××ר×× ××,×)
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