Parshat Vayichi Reading the Writing on the Wall Simon Wolf |
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As Yaakov had anticipated, Yosefās station offers him the unique ability to obtain the requisite permission from Paraoh to allow for Yaakovās burial in Eretz Canaāan.Ā Yet, what is so striking about Yosefās request is that he is unable to secure a direct audience with Paraoh.Ā Yosef, the viceroy of Egypt, must convey his appeal through āback-channelsā rather than simply entreating Paraoh himself.Ā This stands in stark contrast to Yosefās self-proclaimed standing, which he instructs his brothers to relay to his father Yaakov upon revealing his true identity.Ā He declares that God āhas made me a father to Paraoh (×Ö°×Öø× ×ְפַרְעֹ×), a master of all his household, and ruler over the whole land of Egypt.ā[5] Ā One might suggest that this was the standard court protocol for interactions with Paraoh, particularly when it came to personal matters.[6]Ā A similar refrain is used when Yosef and his brothers are reunited, āThe news reached Paraohās court (×Ö¼Öµ××Ŗ פַּרְעֹ×): āYosefās brothers have come.āĀ Paraoh and his courtiers were pleased. Ā And Paraoh said to Yosef (×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×¤Ö¼Ö·×ØÖ°×¢Ö¹× ×Ö¶× ××Ö¹×”Öµ×£)ā¦ā[7]Ā In that instance, however, it is understandable that the exciting news quickly spread and reached Paraoh through a third-party before Yosef had a chance to inform Paraoh directly rather than being a matter of etiquette.Ā This distinction is evidenced by Paraohās very personal response to Yosef in that case (×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×¤Ö¼Ö·×ØÖ°×¢Ö¹× ×Ö¶× ××Ö¹×”Öµ×£) as contrasted with the impassive permission (×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר פַּרְעֹ×) granted in this weekās Parsha.
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In addition, upon the arrival of Yosefās family in Mitzrayim, there are a series of seemingly direct, face-to-face interactions between Yosef and Paraoh.Ā āThen Yosef said to his brothers and to his fatherās household, āI will go up and tell the news to Paraoh (×Ö¶×¢Ö±×Ö¶× ×Ö°×Ö·×Ö¼Ö“××Öø× ×ְפַרְעֹ×), and say to him, āMy brothers and my fatherās household, who were in the land of Canaāan, have come to meāā[8]ā¦Then Yosef came and reported to Paraoh (×Ö·×Ö¼Öø×Ö¹× ××Ö¹×”Öµ×£ ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö·×Ö¼Öµ× ×ְפַרְעֹ×), saying, āMy father and my brothers, with their flocks and cattle and all that is theirs, have come from the land of Canaāan and are now in the land of Goshenā[9]ā¦Then Paraoh said to Yosef (×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×¤Ö¼Ö·×ØÖ°×¢Ö¹× ×Ö¶× ××Ö¹×”Öµ×£), āAs regards your father and your brothers who have come to youā[10]ā¦Yosef then brought his father Yaakov and presented him to Paraoh (×Ö·×Ö¼Öø×Öµ× ××Ö¹×”Öµ×£ ×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö·×¢Ö²×§Ö¹× ×Öø×Ö“×× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö·×¢Ö²×Ö“×Öµ××Ö¼ ×Ö“×¤Ö°× Öµ× ×¤Ö·×ØÖ°×¢Ö¹×); and Yaakov greeted Paraoh.ā[11]Ā One gets the impression that Yosef seems to be able to communicate directly with Paraoh, gain an audience with him at will, as well as freely enter his palace.Ā This only serves to heighten the question as to what had changed so dramatically over the ensuing seventeen years that now impedes Yosefās ability to seek Paraohās approval directly to bury Yaakov in Eretz Canaāan.
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One could suggest that the change in the relationship between Yosef and Paraoh was precipitated by something as simple as a new administration ācoming to townā.Ā Since Paraoh is the dynastic title used for all emperors of Egypt, it is often difficult to determine whether the text is describing the same ruler or a new monarch.Ā Had there been a change in leadership, it would be eminently reasonable to assume that Yosefās relationship with the emperor might be altered.Ā While Yosef might still have been respected and even revered by the new regime, it is possible that he may no longer have enjoyed the same personal relationship, access or influence to petition Paraoh directly.Ā Consequently, he leverages his clout with Paraohās court to gain the ear of Paraoh and lobby for his request.Ā Mitigating against this suggestion is the fact that in Parshat Shāmot when the Torah intends to signal a change in leadership and relationship, it specifically stipulates that āA new king arose over Egypt who did not know Yosef.ā[12]Ā It may be that the Torah only employs such explicit language when there is a significant change in the dynamics of the relationship, but it would leave it unstated when the change is subtler.Ā Alternatively, the barrier may not have been political, but rather personal.Ā It could be that Yosef was embarrassed or felt it inappropriate to raise a deeply personal matter with the king in a forum reserved for matters of national import or affairs of state.Ā He therefore chose to lobby Paraoh through his advisors rather than present the request directly.[13]
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Rav Hirsch suggests that Yosefās reticence to approach Paraoh directly stemmed from a fear that his request might be denied.[14]Ā He therefore favored a more roundabout route, one in which a rejection would not sour their relationship.Ā By using diplomatic channels, it would render any refusal more palatable and less of a personal affront.Ā Yosefās apprehension, Rav Hirsch claims, was rooted in the Egyptiansā negative attitude towards and mistrust of foreigners.[15]Ā This was an especially discordant point when it came to Yosefās appointment as the viceroy of Egypt (see Parshat Miketz ā Interpreting Dreams).Ā Over time, Yosefās success and long-standing integration and assimilation into Egyptian society likely had relegated the matter of his origins to the background.Ā The request for non-Egyptian burial rites for his father and more pointedly a desire to bury in Canaāan, on the other hand, would inevitably revive and refocus the spotlight on Yosefās foreign pedigree.Ā The Chizkuni also suggests that Paraoh might have been reluctant to grant Yosefās request for both political and personal reasons.Ā How could he permit a person so essential to the economic vitality of Mitzrayim to take a leave of absence, particularly given the possibility that he might not return afterwards.[16]Ā In light of these concerns, Yosef, fearful of rejection, is hesitant to appeal to Paraoh directly and instead opts for a more cautious diplomatic approach that would preserve their relationship even in the face of a possible denial of his petition.
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The most common approach cited by the commentaries to resolve this seeming incongruence is to draw a parallel to Mordechaiās behavior in Megilat Esther.[17]Ā After Mordechai learns of Hamanās evil decree, he joins the mourning masses as the verse states, āWhen Mordechai learned of all that had happened, Mordechai rent his clothes and donned sackcloth and ashes. He went through the city, crying out loudly and bitterly.ā[18] This state of mourning limits Mordechaiās mobility within the capital city of Shushan, and he therefore ācame only until in front of the palace gate; for it is impermissible to enter the palace gate wearing sackcloth.ā[19]Ā Similarly, Yosef, who was himself currently a mourner,[20] would have been precluded from entering into the kingās palace.Ā This may be due to his disheveled physical appearance, which would have rendered an audience with the king inappropriate from an etiquette standpoint.[21] Ā Alternatively, donning the royal garb to appear before Paraoh may have been in dissonance with demonstrating proper reverence for his father, who was lying in state.[22]Ā It is also possible that Yosefās compromised emotional and mental state impaired his ability to present his request eloquently and convincingly before Paraoh.Ā For any of these reasons, or a combination thereof, the typically charismatic Yosef concluded that he would be better served by having intermediaries plead his case before Paraoh.
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The final possibility is that there was an actual rift that had developed between Yosef and Paraoh that necessitated Yosefās need to petition Paraoh through indirect channels.Ā If their relationship had truly deteriorated, one would expect to find evidence within the Torah of some tension or dissonance between them during the intervening seventeen years.
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When Yosef is reunited with his family, he has already been serving as the viceroy of Egypt for close to nine years.[23]Ā During that time, he has successfully navigated the country through the seven years of abundance and laid the groundwork for surviving the impending years of famine.Ā As the years of scarcity drag on, Yosefās planning and programs prove life-saving for Egypt.Ā Moreover, his adroit leadership has been instrumental in enriching Paraoh and strengthening his control over the people, as well as cementing Egyptās standing as a regional superpower.[24]Ā Not surprisingly, when word reaches Paraoh regarding the arrival of Yosefās brothers, he and his courtiers are very excited.[25]Ā Without hesitation, he insists that Yosef resettle his family in Mitzrayim, providing them with royal transportation and offering them the opportunity to relocate to the finest land within Egypt.[26]Ā This enthusiasm may reflect genuine gratitude toward Yosef for all that he has done, expressed through being so gracious and solicitous towards his family.Ā On the other hand, it is also possible that Paraoh fears that the reunion might cause Yosef to gravitate towards his family and draw him back to his ancestral homeland, thereby depriving him of a key member of his administration.Ā In order to secure Yosefās tenure as the viceroy of Egypt, he shrewdly entices Yosefās family to join him in Egypt rather than vice versa.Ā Either or both of these motivations are plausible explanations for Paraohās magnanimous behavior. Ā Though, it is likely that this arrangement was born of mutualism, rather than mere self-interest, since Yosef and his family were also beneficiaries of Paraohās largesse during a very trying economic period for the region.
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When Yosefās family arrives in Egypt, he takes his brothers and father to meet Paraoh.Ā Yosef coaches his brothers to respond to Paraohās inquiry regarding their profession as follows: āYou shall answer, āYour servants are lifelong breeders of livestock; it is our ancestral profession.āāĀ While this is indeed their occupation, Yosef instructs them to emphasize it āin order that you may stay in the region of Goshen. For all shepherds are abhorrent to Egyptians.ā[27]Ā Yosef then presents his brothers before the king and the scenario unfolds exactly as scripted.Ā āParaoh said to his brothers, āWhat is your occupation?āĀ They answered Paraoh, āWe, your servants, are shepherds, as were also our fathers.āĀ āWe have come,ā they told Paraoh, āto sojourn in this land, for there is no pasture for your servantsā flocks given that the famine is so severe in the land of Canaāan.Ā And, now, please let your servants settle in the land of Goshen.āāĀ Paraoh responds precisely as Yosef anticipated: āThen Paraoh said to Yosef, āAs regards your father and your brothers who have come to you, the land of Egypt is open before you: settle your father and your brothers in the best part of the land; let them stay in the region of Goshen.āāĀ Yosef could not have hoped for a better outcome; his carefully orchestrated plan succeeds flawlessly.
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It is not entirely clear why Yosef specifically wants his family to settle in Goshen.Ā From both Paraohās description and Yosefās own presentation, Goshen appears to have been one of the choicest locations in the land of Egypt.[28]Ā It could be that Yosefās motivation was purely economic and he sought to relocate his family to a fertile and productive area that would increase their chances of flourishing in Egypt.Ā Interestingly, though, another significant feature of Goshen, that becomes apparent in Parshat Vayichi, is that the area is not necessarily proximate to Yosefās royal residence.[29]Ā This geographic separation may also have played an influential role in Yosefās decision to locate his family there.Ā He may have been concerned that the conspicuous proximity of his foreign family to the palace could undermine his royal standing.Ā As mentioned in Rav Hirsch above, the Egyptians were not fond of foreigners, and a persistent association with his nearby family might have refocused attention on his non-Egyptian origins.Ā Situating them at a relative distance afforded Yosef greater flexibility in presenting himself publicly as an Egyptian statesman.Ā At the same time or alternatively, Yosef may have wished for his family to preserve their unique identity and the separation would help them avoid assimilation into Egyptian society,[30] thereby leaving open the possibility of eventually returning to Canaāan once the famine subsided.[31]Ā Another possible motivating factor is that Yosef may have viewed the distance as reducing the likelihood that his brothers would be conscripted into governmental service, both out of concern for their welfare and to avoid political entanglements that could jeopardize his own position.[32]
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The only complication arises when Paraoh adds a request at the conclusion of his offer to resettle Yosefās family in Egypt.Ā āAnd if you know any capable men among them, put them in charge of my livestock.ā[33]Ā As recorded later in Parshat Vayigash, Paraoh had become a major livestock owner due to the famine[34] and needed individuals to manage these newly found assets.Ā Given that the Egyptians despised shepherds, Paraoh would likely be compelled to hire foreign workers to care for his flocks and who better than Yosefās brothers.Ā This request, however, would undermine Yosefās carefully choreographed plan to settle his family in the land of Goshen.Ā In Paraohās eyes, Yosefās brothers equate to additional leaders similar to Yosef, capable of further increasing his wealth, influence and power.Ā Yosef, in contrast, perceives the request as endangering his own position, his familyās distinct character and their hope of eventually returning to Eretz Canaāan; it contradicts all the reasons that Yosef desires his family settle in Goshen.Ā Faced with this difficult dilemma, Yosef must choose between complying with Paraohās request and following his personal conviction that his family will fare better by avoiding integration and service to Paraoh.Ā Ultimately, he opts to settle āhis father and his brothers, giving them holdings in the choicest part of the land of Egypt, in the land of Raāamses, as Paraoh had commanded.ā[35]Ā This marks the first time that Yosef breaks with Paraoh and places his personal judgment and familial welfare above Paraohās interests.
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Over time, Yosefās decision coupled with the success of Bnei Israel, āAnd Israel settled in the land of Egypt, in the land of Goshen; they took possession of it, and were fertile and increased greatly,ā[36] may have contributed to the subtle deterioration in his personal relationship with Paraoh.Ā While Yosef was indispensable to Paraohās success, it was now clear that Yosef had loyalties or priorities that would not always align with the kingās best interests.Ā The well-being and success of his family, perhaps even at the expense of Paraoh, would take precedence.[37]Ā Yaakovās death and burial bring that dissonance to the forefront and therefore one observes evidence of that somewhat strained relationship in their communication.Ā This dynamic is reminiscent of the Mishna in Avot, āBe careful in your dealings with the ruling authorities for they do not befriend a person except for their own benefit; they seem like friends when it is in their own interest, but they do not stand by a man in the hour of his distress.ā[38]
Yosefās choices highlight that true leadership sometimes requires prioritizing principle over political expedience, even when it risks oneās standing.
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Shabbat Shalom
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[15] ...××ר ×× ××× ×§×©×ר ×× ×Ø×× ×¢× ××××× ×©×Ø××©× ××ר××; ×× ×Ø×× ×××Ŗ ××¢×× ××¤× ×©××ש ×ר ×¢×× ×ר×ש ××××× ×, ××× ×× ×©××× ××× ×¢×. ×§×××Ø×Ŗ× ×©× ××¢×§× ×××Ø× ××××××Ø× ××¢× ××Ŗ ×רׄ ×××××Ŗ× ×©× ×××”×£: (רש"ר ××רש ×ר×ש××Ŗ × ,×)
[16] ×ש××× ×©××× ××× ××××× ××××צ×× ××××Ŗ×× ×××¢××× ×× ×ר×× ××ש ××Ŗ ××× ×××', ××©× ×©××§×©× ××¢×× × ×¤×Ø×¢× ××× ××¢××× ××× ××Ŗ ××רׄ. ×× ×¤×Ø×¢× ××× ××Ø× ×©×× ×ש×ר ×××”×£ ××רׄ ×× ×¢× ××××× ×× ×Ŗ××§×£ ××× ×¢× ×רׄ ×צר××. (×××§×× × ×ר×ש××Ŗ × ,×)
[17] ×××× ×× × ×× ×” ×××, ר' ×××שע ××”×× ×× ××©× ×Ø' ש×××× ×©××× ××× × ×× ×” ×פ×××× ×©× ××× (×ר×ש××Ŗ ר×× ×§,×) \\ ×××ר. ×× ×××ר, ××× ×× ××ר ××× ××Ŗ× ×Ø××××× ×××ר ××, ש××× ×× × ×Ø××× ×××× ×פ×××× ×©× ××× ××××× ×××, ×××"× ×× ××× ××× ×× ×©×¢×Ø ×××× ××××ש שק (ש×× ××× ×ר×ש××Ŗ × ,×) \\ ×ר×× ××ר×× ×× ×ר××"× ××©× ×”××: ...×××× ××× ×"× × ×Ŗ× ××¢× ××× ××¤× ×©××× ××××ר ×××”×£ ××× ××× ×××× ×Ø××× ××¦× × ××××” ×××××× ×××× ×” ××¤× ××× ××××× ××××××Ŗ. \\ ××§×©× ××× ×× ×××ר ×עצ××, ××"× ××¢××ר ×××× ×××××Ŗ ש××' ×××ש ×××× ××× ×× ×××× ××××ש שק.(××§×צ×ר ×¤×¢× × ×Ø×× ×ר×ש××Ŗ × ,×) \\ ×××× ×× ××ר ×× ×× ×× ×× ×©×¢×Ø ×××× ××××× ××× ×©××× ×××ש: (××ר פ×ר×ש ××ר×× ×ר×ש××Ŗ × ,×) \\ ×× ××× ××× ×× ×©×¢×Ø ×××× ××××ש שק: (הפ××Ø× × ×ר×ש××Ŗ × ,×) \\ ××× ××ר ××¤×Ø×¢× ×¢×¦××, ×× ××× ×××× ×× ×©×¢×Ø ×××× ××××ש שק ××××... (ש×"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ × ,×) \\ ×× ×× ××× ×©×× × ×§×ר ×××× ××Ø× ××× ×××× ××× × ×××× × ×Ø××× ××תר×××Ŗ ××Ŗ ××××. (× ×¦×"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ × ,×) \\ ×ש×××Ŗ ר××"×, ××× × ×× ××× ×©×× × ×§×ר, ××”×ר ××”×× ××ר××ׄ ××קש×. ××× ×ר××"× ×××× × ×©×Ø×, ××× ×× ×××Ø× ×× ××××” ××××× ×××× ××”×× ×××××ש ×××× ×©×Ø×Ø××Ŗ ××¤× ×ר××× ×××××Ŗ ××××× ×× ×××× ××¢×× ×××× ××Ŗ ×××× ××¤× ××, ××× ×× ××× ×××× ×××× ×” ×× ×¤×Ø×¢× ×××ר ×¢××. (××©× ×××× ×ר×ש××Ŗ × ,×)
[18] ×Ö¼×ָרְ×Ö¼Ö³×Ö·Ö× ×Öø×Ö·×¢Ö ×Ö¶×ŖÖ¾×Ö¼Öø×Ö¾×ֲש×ֶ֣ר × Ö·×¢Ö²×©×ÖøÖ× ×Ö·×ּ֓קְרַ֤ע ×ָרְ×Ö¼Ö³×Ö·×Ö ×Ö¶×ŖÖ¾×Ö¼Ö°×Öø×ÖøÖ×× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö“×Ö°×Ö¼Ö·Ö„×©× ×©×Ö·Ö×§ ×Öø×ÖµÖפֶר ×Ö·×ֵּצֵ×Ö ×Ö¼Ö°×ŖÖ£×Ö¹×Ö° ×Öø×¢Ö“Ö×ר ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö“×Ö°×¢Ö·Ö×§ ×Ö°×¢Öø×§ÖøÖ„× ×Ö°×Ö¹×ÖøÖ× ×Ö¼×ָרָֽ×: (×התר ×,×)
[19] ×Ö·×Ö¼Öø×Ö×Ö¹× ×¢Ö·Ö× ×Ö“×¤Ö°× ÖµÖ£× ×©×ַֽעַר־×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¶Ö×Ö¶×Ö° ×Ö¼Ö“Ö£× ×ÖµÖ„×× ×Öø×Ö×Ö¹× ×Ö¶×־ש×ַքעַר ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¶Ö×Ö¶×Ö° ×Ö¼Ö“×Ö°×Ö„×Ö¼×©× ×©×ÖøÖ½×§: (×התר ×,×)
[20] ...××עפ"× ×©××ר ×¢××Ø× ×©×ש×× ××× ××××, ×× × ×××”×£ שע×××× ××× ×¢×Ŗ×× ××¢×××Ŗ ××§××ר ××Ŗ ×××× ××Ŗ×× ×©××× ×¢×××× ×××ש ××××©× ××× (ש×"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ × ,×) ×× ×××©× ×××× ×©××× ××× ×××ר ××× × ××¦× ×××××
[21] ×ש××× ×: ×Ö·×ּ֓ש×Ö°×Ö·Ö¤× ×¤Ö¼Ö·×ØÖ°×¢Ö¹×Ö ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö“×§Ö°×ØÖøÖ£× ×Ö¶×ŖÖ¾××Ö¹×”ÖµÖ×£ ×Ö·×ְר֓×צֻÖ××Ö¼ ×Ö“×Ö¾×Ö·×Ö¼Ö×ֹר ×Ö·×Ö°×Ö·×Ö¼Ö·×Ö ×Ö·×Ö°×Ö·×Ö¼ÖµÖ£×£ ש×Ö“×Ö°×Ö¹×ŖÖøÖ×× ×Ö·×Ö¼Öø×Ö¹Ö× ×Ö¶×־פַּרְעֹֽ×: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××)
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[23] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ××Ö¹×”Öµ×£ ×Ö¶× ×Ö¶×Öø×× ×ְּש××Ö¼ × Öø× ×Öµ×Ö·× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö“×ָּש××Ö¼ ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×Ö²× Ö“× ××Ö¹×”Öµ×£ ×Ö²×Ö“××Ö¶× ×ֲש×ֶר ×Ö°×Ö·×ØÖ°×ŖÖ¼Ö¶× ×Ö¹×ŖÖ“× ×֓צְרָ×Ö°×Öø×: ×Ö°×¢Ö·×ŖÖ¼Öø× ×Ö·× ×ŖÖ¼Öµ×¢Öø×¦Ö°××Ö¼ ×Ö°×Ö·× ×Ö“×ַר ×Ö¼Ö°×¢Öµ×× Öµ××Ö¶× ×Ö¼Ö“× ×Ö°×Ö·×ØÖ°×ŖÖ¼Ö¶× ×Ö¹×ŖÖ“× ×Öµ× Ö¼Öø× ×Ö¼Ö“× ×Ö°×Ö“×Ö°×Öø× ×©×Ö°×Öø×Ö·× Ö“× ×Ö±×Ö¹×§Ö“×× ×Ö“×¤Ö°× Öµ××Ö¶×: ×Ö¼Ö“× ×Ö¶× ×©×Ö°× Öø×ŖÖ·×Ö“× ×Öø×ØÖø×¢Öø× ×Ö¼Ö°×§Ö¶×ØÖ¶× ×Öø×ָרֶׄ ×Ö°×¢×Ö¹× ×Öø×Öµ×©× ×©×Öø× Ö“×× ×ֲש×ֶר ×Öµ×× ×ָר֓××©× ×ְקָצ֓×ר: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,×-×)
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[26] ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹××ֶר ×¤Ö¼Ö·×ØÖ°×¢Ö¹× ×Ö¶× ××Ö¹×”Öµ×£ ×Ö±×ֹר ×Ö¶× ×Ö·×Ö¶××Öø ×Ö¹××Ŗ עֲש××Ö¼ ×Ö·×¢Ö²× ×Ö¼ ×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö¼Ö°×¢Ö“×רְ×Ö¶× ×Ö¼×Ö°××Ö¼ ×Ö¹××Ö¼ ×Ö·×ØÖ°×¦Öø× ×Ö¼Ö°× Öø×¢Ö·×: ×Ö¼×§Ö°××Ö¼ ×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö²×Ö“××Ö¶× ×Ö°×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö¼Öø×ŖÖ¼Öµ××Ö¶× ×Ö¼×Ö¹××Ö¼ ×Öµ×Öø× ×Ö°×Ö¶×ŖÖ¼Ö°× Öø× ×Öø×Ö¶× ×Ö¶×Ŗ ××Ö¼× ×ֶרֶׄ ×֓צְרַ×Ö“× ×Ö°×Ö“×Ö°××Ö¼ ×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Öµ×Ö¶× ×Öø×ָרֶׄ: ×Ö°×Ö·×ŖÖ¼Öø× ×¦Ö»×Ö¼Öµ××ŖÖø× ×Ö¹××Ŗ עֲש××Ö¼ ×§Ö°××Ö¼ ×Öø×Ö¶× ×Öµ×ֶרֶׄ ×֓צְרַ×Ö“× ×¢Ö²×Öø××Ö¹×Ŗ ×Ö°×ַפְּ×Ö¶× ×Ö°×Ö“× Ö°×©×Öµ××Ö¶× ×Ö¼× Ö°×©×Öø××ŖÖ¶× ×Ö¶×Ŗ ×Ö²×Ö“××Ö¶× ×Ö¼×Öø××ŖÖ¶×: ×Ö°×¢Öµ×× Ö°×Ö¶× ×Ö·× ×ŖÖ¼Öø×Ö¹×” ×¢Ö·× ×Ö¼Ö°×Öµ××Ö¶× ×Ö¼Ö“× ××Ö¼× ×Ö¼Öø× ×ֶרֶׄ ×֓צְרַ×Ö“× ×Öø×Ö¶× ××Ö¼×: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××-×)
[27] ×Ö°×Öø×Öø× ×Ö¼Ö“× ×Ö“×§Ö°×ØÖø× ×Öø×Ö¶× ×¤Ö¼Ö·×ØÖ°×¢Ö¹× ×Ö°×Öø×ַר ×Ö·× ×ַּעֲש×Öµ××Ö¶×: ×Ö·×Ö²×Ö·×ØÖ°×ŖÖ¼Ö¶× ×Ö·× Ö°×©×Öµ× ×Ö“×§Ö°× Ö¶× ×Öø××Ö¼ ×¢Ö²×Öø×Ö¶××Öø ×Ö“× Ö¼Ö°×¢×ּרֵ×× ×Ö¼ ×Ö°×¢Ö·× ×¢Ö·×ŖÖ¼Öø× ×Ö¼Ö·× ×Ö²× Ö·×Ö°× ×Ö¼ ×Ö¼Ö·× ×Ö²×Ö¹×ŖÖµ×× ×Ö¼ ×Ö¼Ö·×¢Ö²××ּר תֵּש×Ö°××Ö¼ ×Ö¼Ö°×ֶרֶׄ ×ֹּש×Ö¶× ×Ö¼Ö“× ×Ŗ×Ö¹×¢Ö²×Ö·×Ŗ ×֓צְרַ×Ö“× ×Ö¼Öø× ×ØÖ¹×¢Öµ× ×¦Ö¹××: (×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,××-××)
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[29] ×¢××× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,×: ×Ö·×Ö°×Ö“Ö× ×Ö·×ֲרֵ×Ö ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö°×ָר֣֓×× ×Öø×ÖµÖ×Ö¼Ö¶× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö¹Ö£××ֶר ×Ö°××Ö¹×”ÖµÖ×£ ×Ö“× Ö¼ÖµÖ„× ×Öø×Ö“Ö××Öø ×Ö¹×Ö¶Ö× ×Ö·×Ö¼Ö“×§Ö¼Ö·Ö× ×ֶת־ש×Ö°× ÖµÖ¤× ×Öø× Öø××Ö ×¢Ö“×Ö¼Ö×Ö¹ ×Ö¶×ŖÖ¾×Ö°× Ö·×©Ö¼×Ö¶Ö× ×Ö°×Ö¶×ŖÖ¾×ֶפְרָֽ×Ö“×: \\ ...××ש××× ××¢×§× ××רׄ ××ש×, ××× ×פר×× ××¦× ×××× ××צר×× ××××× ××: (רש"× ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,×) \\ ××××ר - ××××ר, ××× ××××× ×©××× ××× ××××× ×©××× ××צר×× ×××ר ××××”×£ ×× ×××× ××××: (ר×"×§ ×ר×ש××Ŗ ××,×)
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