Hello Cecil,
Sorry for the long delay for responding,
Having a setup similar to yours, if it may still be useful;
1) Why don't you store your SuperCard projects on the internal drive of your PowerBook, or another external or networked volume? In my case all SuperCard projects are stored on a network volume.
As for your local volumes, they can be easily backed-up with TimeMachine.
2) You can certainly setup TimeMachine for MacOS High Sierra on the Parallel virtual machine. But what would be the point? Also, there is no issue mounting an external USB drive on the Parallel virtual machine, maybe check your preferences and settings.
3) What is the source of the “The SuperCard project “XXX.sc45” error? Is it from SuperCard or Parallel? I don't recall having seen this particular error! I would need to check the manual or someone might have a clue!
4) It would be certainly easy to write a script to make backup copies of the desired documents with SuperCard! Maybe there are some sample hanging around? Or you may use an Utility like 'Carbon Copy Cloner' from 'Bombich Software' and create manual or automatic backups!
Hope this help!
André