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Reports in the scientific literature and lay press have suggested that computer users are at increased risk of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Early studies often found elevated rates of MSD outcomes among keyboard users when compared to non-users. Attention soon focused on specific aspects of keyboard work that might be responsible for the observed rate increase. In this review, the epidemiological evidence examining associations between MSD outcomes and computer user posture and keyboard use intensity (hours of computer use per day or per week) are examined. Results of epidemiological studies of posture and MSD outcomes have not been entirely consistent. Reasons for the inconsistency in results include cross-sectional study design (with possible failure to assure that measured exposure preceded health effect), imprecision of posture measures used, and difficulties involved in analyzing multiple related variables. Despite the inconsistencies, it appears from the literature that posture is an independent risk factor of modest magnitude for MSDs among computer users. It appears that lowering the height of the keyboard to or below the height of the elbow and resting the arms on the desk surface or chair armrests is associated with reduced risk of neck and shoulder MSDs. Results of epidemiological studies examining computer use (hours keying per day or per week) are more consistent than those examining posture, although some inconsistency is observed. Reasons for the inconsistency include possible selective survival bias resulting from cross-sectional study design, differences in exposure categorization, and possible interaction with other exposure variables. Overall, the literature shows that daily or weekly hours of computer use is more consistently associated with hand and arm MSDs than with neck and shoulder MSDs.
Constitutional Rights is designed for a one-semester survey course on federal constitutional rights. In a time of significant doctrinal fluidity, the casebook aims to provide students with historical and conceptual tools to critically evaluate how and why the Supreme Court has shaped the landscape of rights jurisprudence.
The Center for Computer-Assisted Legal Instruction, also known as CALI, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit consortium of mostly US law schools that conducts applied research and development in the area of computer-mediated legal education. The organization is best known in law schools for CALI Lessons, online interactive tutorials in legal subjects, and CALI Excellence for the Future Awards (CALI Awards), given to the highest scorer in a law school course at many CALI member law schools. Nearly every US law school is a member of CALI.
I'm guessing everyone here, high school teachers at least, have spent at least one period in the past year working with a class when you either don't have working computers or a working internet connection.
Worksheets - I use 'em, but I don't really like 'em. I do keep a set of worksheets printed though just in case nothing is working. They're generic enough that it really doesn't matter what topic we're on. And they work well for emergency sub plans.
CS Unplugged - I 've got the count the dots activity printed out. One set on normal sized paper for me to demo with and a dozen sets printed on business cards for students to practice with.
There are lots of great activities at CS Unplugged that do not require a computer. Excellent activities in their own right, you don't have to wait for the days when systems are out. Well worth exploring these resources.
Plenty of scope for debating broader moral and ethical issues around CS, including AI: What should Audi's programmers and managers have done? Should end-to-end encryption be available? What rules should a self-driving car be programmed to follow?
Describe some small amount of code that could be written to the students (like, "imagine we are creating a recursive method that returns the number of even numbers in our linked list", or "create a method that will print the letters of a phrase scrambled by evens, and then odds, so "hello, world" would print "hlo olel,wrd". Ask them to come up with as many test cases as they can for the unwritten method in 120 seconds. (Test cases are hard!) Spend some time writing good student results on the board together. (Did they test for an empty string? A null list? A singleton string?, etc...)
Part One: One volunteer comes to the front of the class. She sees a simple drawing on a piece of paper of several shapes (triangle, square, circle in one example) next to each other with slight spaces in between them. Everyone else in class has merely a blank sheet. Her task is to get them to reproduce what only she sees. The catch is that everyone else in class has to think like a computer and make no assumptions. Saying "draw a circle" or "make a line" won't accomplish the task. (Side note: this could be a great way to differentiate imperative and declarative languages, but that's a separate topic.) Computers need to be told to put pen to paper, lift pen, etc.
Part Two: A different volunteer comes to the front of the room. The task is reversed. Everyone else has a drawing in front of them, and they need to communicate with the volunteer to get her to draw it properly on the whiteboard in the front of the room. The same rules apply. Classic "bugs" that come up here are not instructing the student to take the cap off the pen and not having her lift her pen correctly to complete the drawing, which is typically a stick figure with a word bubble message.
I have a load of bags of matchboxes (I bought like 1,000 plain white ones from Amazon). Each bag has about 16 matchboxes, and each one has letters drawn on to it. They can just grab a bag for each pair of kids and demonstrate searching and sorting, really easily.
I am currently undergoing (albeit painfully) a Computer Science GCSE. I really enjoy the coding and the computer side of it, compared to things such as planning and testing. Especially documenting tests.
Now, when our teacher told us that we were doing this, a collective groan rose from the class. No-one wants to be writing out how to do basic tasks, right? And yet, having now done 3 or 4 lessons on it, I feel as though it has really improved the way I look at a task and break it down.
I kept a copy of Amelia Bedilia around to read, when I was at a school where the power would go out. If the power was out long enough, we would do pseudocode algorithms, or something of that sort until the power turned back on.
I also had a set of identical LEGO cars and kept one set of instructions, and did sort of a network simulation to have groups build the cars by carrying instructions from the "server" (who had the one set of instructions).
I also keep some of what Dan Meyer calls "Tiny Games" in my back pocket, for any time that the internet is down or we can't get on computers. Not all of them are explicitly CS related, but I think the logical thinking is useful. -math-games/
A kind of fun one might be to have a little kit of electronic components handy - transistors, LEDs, a couple of batteries, as fits the size of your class. You can build logic gates and then use these to build, say a half-adder, or whatever, and start abstracting from there, to introduce computer architecture, or you can use it to solve some sort of simple problem, or introduce truth tables, or whatever. It's also a fairly compact thing to store for those unfortunate occasions.
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Steve- as I think back on some of the conversation we have had about your building the Apple I and Apple II, I think it is amazing that both computers still stand today as the last personal computers on earth that were actually created and conceived by one man- you.
The Homebrew Computer Club was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and hobbyists who met beginning in March of 1975 in Menlo Park, California. Steve Wozniak attended their first meeting and credits his attendance there with inspiring him to design the first Apple computer. The phrase Woody Allen popularized about 90% of success in life is just showing up was never more on display than when Woz attended that first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club.
That first computer had features that no one had ever seen before, features like a keyboard. You could type on it instead of having to flip toggle switches or deal with punch cards. It had a TV screen, not a paper tape or a printout.
It has been variously attributed to Thomas Jefferson, Coleman Cox, Henry Ford and Samuel Goldwyn. But whoever said it originally is right on. Building a successful company takes persistence and diligence.
In my own case, I am fond of saying that it took me 15 years to become an overnight success. You do not achieve success just by hoping for it. To achieve true success, you need the strength of mind and body to struggle and work hard to reach the top. Additionally, you need a powerful, positive mind-set, extraordinary self-discipline and the ability to put your goal before your own needs.
Further, it must be remembered that there are no shortcuts to true success. Hard work, complimented with an intense desire to struggle and to achieve success is the only tried and true algorithm for achievement.
To enhance security, the Database Engine of SQL Server Developer, Express, and Evaluation editions can't be accessed from another computer when initially installed. This lesson shows you how to enable the protocols, configure the ports, and configure the Windows Firewall for connecting from other computers.
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