Extracting Gas

[Elnora Heidrick]

Sofar when I try to do this, the extraction works on ALL the videos and messes up the existing labeling. I also run into a problem sometimes where certain frames are not found and the first handful of frames remain completely static. Thanks for reading!

Extracting frames from a new video is a separate thing. Yes, with the new gui, to extract frames only from specific videos you have to do it through the terminal with userfeedback=True. This will ask you before each video if you want to extract frames from it

I could not run the code for extracting frames in the prompt. The issue is: It gives me an invalid syntax error in the name of the path of the config file. I changed the location of the config file but It did not work

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Environmental, social and governance pressures should feature in future scenario planning about the transition to a low carbon future. As low-carbon energy technologies advance, markets are driving demand for energy transition metals. Increased extraction rates will augment the stress placed on people and the environment in extractive locations. To quantify this stress, we develop a set of global composite environmental, social and governance indicators, and examine mining projects across 20 metal commodities to identify the co-occurrence of environmental, social and governance risk factors. Our findings show that 84% of platinum resources and 70% of cobalt resources are located in high-risk contexts. Reflecting heightened demand, major metals like iron and copper are set to disturb more land. Jurisdictions extracting energy transition metals in low-risk contexts are positioned to develop and maintain safeguards against mining-related social and environmental risk factors.

Improvements in material efficiency and recycling are not sufficient to meet the increasing demand for ETMs9. Demand would have to be met through significant growth in resource extraction. The social and environmental implications of the anticipated rise in ETM extraction are rarely acknowledged in energy transition scenarios. Trade-off projections typically do not differentiate between the point of extraction and the remaining supply chain (e.g., refs. 10,11). Research that expresses concern about the implications of increased ETM extraction does so without the support of global quantitative data (e.g., ref. 9). Discussions about risk at the source of extraction instead focus on emblematic cases of metals mined in conflict or post-conflict zones. Conflict is but one factor to consider as the world transitions to a low-carbon future and demand for ETMs increase.

Mining activities alter the host environment, and tend to exacerbate pre-existing vulnerabilities12, especially in jurisdictions where governments are unable, or unwilling, to safeguard against severe social and environmental externalities. Mineral extraction has contributed to environmental degradation, population displacement, violent conflicts, human rights violations and other adverse impacts13. Managing the downside risks that accompany ETM extraction sits at the core of a just transition - a transition designed to address climate change while respecting the rights of workers and communities and protecting the environment14,15.

This paper presents a global assessment of environmental, social and governance (ESG) complexities associated with the extraction of ETMs. It uses a methodology developed to categorise and quantify source risks, i.e., risks surrounding the point of extraction16. A global data set of 6888 mining projects covering 20 ETMs was analysed against seven ESG risk dimensions. Each dimension is a composite indicator built from aggregate measures available in the public domain. The geographic distribution of risk factors and their co-occurrence indicates varying levels of complexity within the contexts that host extractive activities. High-risk scores across multiple dimensions translate into a high degree of difficulty in mitigating future impact scenarios16,17. Depending on the spatial distribution of extractive projects, ETMs exhibit different global risk profiles.

Figure 1 connects the ESG risk profiles for a subset of ETMs (Fig. 1a, b) with their projected demand growth (Fig. 1c) and the resulting land disturbance, approximated by the movement of ore material that would be required (Fig. 1d). Demand projections were compiled from other works18 (see Supplementary Table 1 for complete list). For this analysis, we use mining project records extracted from the S&P Global Market Intelligence database (S&P database)19, a comprehensive database of mining properties (see Supplementary Table 2 for estimations of production covered by the S&P database). The selected records comprise extractive projects in pre-production and operations stages, from which the next decades of global ETM production are likely to be sourced. We use this data set to assess the ESG risks associated with the demand for low-carbon energy technologies. ESG risks are analysed across a set of nine ETMs, allowing for comparison between the profiles of these metals (see Supplementary Fig. 1 for results for the full set of 20 ETMs).

The ESG risk context is modelled using seven dimensions. These include three environmental dimensions (waste, water and conservation); three social dimensions (land uses, communities and social vulnerability); and an overarching governance dimension. ESG dimensions are a reflection of ESG risk contexts, which are localised in space and time. For a given location, at the time of analysis (2019):

Cobalt, rare earths, lithium, platinum and nickel are predicted to experience very high relative increase in annual demand (see Fig. 1c). Such high relative increases imply transformational changes for their respective sectors. For cobalt and lithium, future demand is correlated to expected production of commercial lithium-ion batteries20. Exponential growth in the exploration and extraction of lithium and cobalt21 brings new risks to new locations. These two ETMs exhibit contrasting ESG risk profiles. Seventy per cent of cobalt resources by tonnage are located in contexts with high to very high ESG scores, while 65% of lithium resources are located in the very low to medium range. The two metals also differ on which risks contribute the most to the total score. Environmental risks, and particularly water, are higher for lithium, with 65% of lithium resources located in areas of medium to very high water risk, whereas social risks are higher for cobalt. The degree to which ESG risks co-occur in mining contexts is significantly higher for cobalt than it is for lithium. Ninety-eight per cent of cobalt resources with high social risks also have a high governance risk. In contrast, 53% of lithium resources located in high environmental risk contexts are also located in countries with high governance risks.

Because lithium and cobalt are almost solely used in low-carbon energy technologies, mines extracting these two metals will be of strategic importance in the energy transition. Company or government decisions to prioritise mining developments in low-risk contexts could contribute to temporarily lowering their overall commodity risk profile. However, with anticipated market pressure, this may only delay project development in high-risk contexts. For cobalt, a delay strategy is limited given the small number of projects in low-risk contexts. Strategies to avoid high-risk contexts may push cobalt extraction into areas where ESG risks and implications are disputed, e.g., seabed mining22,23. The Clarion-Clipperton seabed mining zone alone contains more cobalt than the entire global terrestrial reserve base24. The search for alternative sources or substitute metals will need to be supported by quantitative assessments of source risks.

Other ETMs are not expected to experience such dramatic sector growth. For these ETMs, however, absolute demand is significant. For metals like iron and copper, the relative increase in transition-related demand is small because it adds to strong demand in other sectors. Their absolute demand is high because low-carbon energy technologies require significantly more iron and copper than lithium or cobalt. Production volumes are therefore much larger for these two metals (Fig. 1d). Figure 1d shows that even a small relative demand increase may still be a major concern if the required quantity of mined material can only be sourced through multiple large-scale, low grade, open cast mines, with additional land disturbance.

Figure 1d provides an estimate of the total ore tonnage associated with the transition-related demand for each metal. Ore tonnage values are estimated using average ore grades per metal, and adjusted to account for mines that extract or will extract more than one metal. The resulting value should be interpreted as an order of magnitude estimate for the expected material movements at the mine site level, this being a reliable proxy for the extent of land disturbance attributable to each metal25. A higher ore tonnage means more and/or larger mines, and an overall higher land disturbance, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of land use competition, which can generate or exacerbate pressures within the surrounding social and environmental context.

Current projections, consolidated in Fig. 1d, indicate that land disturbance from the extraction of platinum could be twice that of lithium. This is because platinum grades are very low, which means large volumes of ore are required for the extraction of a few ounces of metal. Platinum has the highest overall risk score of all metals analysed in this study, with 84% of resources located in high or very high ESG risk contexts. For platinum projects, two risk dimensions prevail, social vulnerability and conservation, with both dimensions found concurrently in around 89% of platinum resources. Under these circumstances, platinum producers may be pressured to demonstrate a positive contribution to socio-economic development and nature conservation, e.g., via offset strategies.

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