Principles Of Animal Science Pdf

[Elnora Heidrick]

OutcomesUpon completion of this unit, the students will be able to successfully summarize how animals fit into all of society and how animals contribute to the well-being of humans from a worldwide perspective.

Outcomes: Upon completion of this unit, the students will be able to successfully analyze complex issues relevant to the animal sciences by understanding and appreciating the economic, environmental, animal welfare, and societal impacts of animal production and management systems at the global and local level.

Outcomes: Upon completion of this unit, the students will be able to successfully develop and evaluate animal production and management systems by integrating knowledge of animal genetics, nutrition, reproduction, and other relevant disciplines and applying scientific and quantitative reasoning to solve real-world challenges.

The U.S. Department of Education, Higher Learning Commission and the Kansas Board of Regents define credit hour and have specific regulations that the college must follow when developing, teaching and assessing the educational aspects of the college. A credit hour is an amount of work represented in intended learning outcomes and verified by evidence of student achievement that is an institutionally-established equivalency that reasonably approximates not less than one hour of classroom or direct faculty instruction and a minimum of two hours of out-of-class student work for approximately fifteen weeks for one semester hour of credit or an equivalent amount of work over a different amount of time. The number of semester hours of credit allowed for each distance education or blended hybrid courses shall be assigned by the college based on the amount of time needed to achieve the same course outcomes in a purely face-to-face format.

Cowley College, in recognition of state and federal laws, will accommodate a student with a documented disability. If a student has a disability which may impact work in this class which requires accommodations, contact the Disability Services Coordinator.

The protection and welfare of animals is a priority for the EU. This includes wildlife, zoo animals, farm animals, animals in transport and animals used for scientific purposes. Regarding animals in science, EU legislation is unique as it sets a final goal of full replacement of all animals used for scientific and educational purposes and is taking concrete action towards that goal.

Studies that still need to be carried out on animals must be done in compliance with specific regulations that aim to improve the welfare of those animals. This includes studies on increasing the basic understanding of human or animal biology, developing or producing new medicines, physiological studies, environmental effects or testing chemicals or new food additives.

The first Directive for the protection of animals in science was adopted in 1986 and was replaced by Directive 2010/63/EU. Regulation (EU)2019/1010 introduced a new level of transparency to help progress towards eventually replacing animal use in science. The amendments have been incorporated in the consolidated text of the Directive.

Replacement can be defined as methods, strategies or approaches that do not involve the use of live animals. Reduction covers any approach that will result in fewer animals being used to achieve the same objective. Refinement signifies the modification of any procedures or practices from the time the experimental animal is born until its death to minimise its suffering and enhance its well-being, or by moving from species that are considered more sentient to those less sentient.

A regulatory acceptance of alternative methods is required internationally if true reduction in animal use is to be delivered. To that end, the Commission is actively promoting alternative approaches on international fora such as OECD, ICH and VICH, as well as during bilateral discussions with third countries.

Moreover, the International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM) includes governmental organisations from the EU, the US, Japan, Canada, South Korea, Brazil and China. It aims at promoting enhanced international cooperation and coordination on the scientific development, validation and regulatory use of alternative approaches.

The Partnership is a voluntary collaboration between the European Commission, European trade associations, and companies from seven industry sectors. The partners are committed to pooling knowledge and resources to accelerate the development, validation and acceptance of alternative approaches to further the "Three Rs" in regulatory testing.

The Network provides support for EURL ECVAM validation studies aimed at assessing the reliability and relevance of alternative methods that have a potential to replace, reduce or refine the use of animals for scientific purposes.

Various relevant EU regulatory agencies, including EFSA, ECHA and EMA , together with the Member States, constitute the Preliminary Assessment of Regulatory Relevance network, known as PARERE. EURL ECVAM systematically consults the Network on the proposed alternative approaches and strategies.

The primary role of the Committee is to carry out high-quality independent peer reviews on validation studies to assess the scientific validity of test methods and specify the capacity and limitations of the proposed methods. The outcomes of the ESAC peer reviews are published as "ESAC Opinions."

Member States submitted their implementation reports to the Commission, see the EU Survey questionnaire and the Member State submissions to the EU Survey. Additional information complementing the submissions is also available: Annex - Part I - MS additional submissions and Annex - Part II - MS additional submissions.

As required by the Directive, a review of the Directive was undertaken in 2017. The Review Report COM(2017) 631 is accompanied by a Commission Staff Working Document SWD(2017) 353. The Staff Working Document provides further insight and contains several recommendations for different stakeholders, with the common aim of improving the attainment of the objectives of the Directive.

The capture of non-human primates from the wild gives rise to animal welfare, health, and ethical concerns. To end the capturing of animals from the wild for both scientific and breeding purposes, the Directive has set as one of its aims to allow, after an appropriate transition period, only the use of non-human primates that are the offspring of animals which have themselves been bred in captivity, or that are sourced from self-sustaining colonies.

A feasibility study (2017) was conducted to consider progress towards this aim. Considering the current and projected demand and supply of the non-human primate species used, and impacts on the animal welfare and health, the conclusions of the feasibility study do not support altering the dates set out in the Directive.

A second feasibility study (2022) concludes that at this time, it is not possible to determine if or whether the aspiration of sourcing non-human primates only from self-sustaining colonies will be achieved in the future. With the recent changes in use, availability, demand and breeding practices in some centres, it is unlikely to be achieved for all commonly used non-human primate species in the foreseeable future.

The Commission also provides an annual summary report of the data submitted by Member States. These data provide an improved understanding of where and how animals are still used in science today and will help identify areas in which efforts for the development and validation of alternative approaches need to be intensified.

The first EU summary report, under Directive 2010/63/EU, on the statistics on the use of animals for scientific purposes by the Member States of the Union covers data from three years, 2015-2017. From 2018 onwards, EU summary reports will be published annually.

The Directive requires all Member States to establish a national committee for the protection on animals in science. The National Committee advises competent authorities and animal welfare bodies, exchange information and share best practises within the EU.

It is important that the Directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes is implemented correctly. Therefore guidance material has been developed to help all stakeholders apply the principle of the Directive correctly. These publications aim to significantly improve animal welfare and science by enhancing a common understanding of the Directive's provisions across all Member States of the EU.

A catalogue of published guidance, provided to the Commission by National Committees has been prepared. The content of the guidance provided by Member State National Committees does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Only the Court of Justice of the European Union is entitled to interpret EU law with legally binding authority.

The principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) were developed over 50 years ago providing a framework for performing more humane animal research. Since then they have been embedded in national and international legislation and regulations on the use of animals in scientific procedures, as well as in the policies of organisations that fund or conduct animal research. Opinion polls of public attitudes consistently show that support for animal research is conditional on the 3Rs being put into practice.

The 3Rs were first defined by Russell and Burch in their book The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The NC3Rs has updated the definitions in line with common scientific parlance to highlight the importance of the 3Rs to modern research practices.

For many years research animals have been used to answer important scientific questions including those related to human health. Animal models are often costly and time-consuming and depending on the research question present scientific limitations, such as poor relevance to human biology. Alternative models can address some of these concerns. In the last decade or so, advances in science and technology have meant that there are now realistic opportunities to replace the use of animals.

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