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Writing in the book New Powers, University of Cambridge researcher Dr. Amrita Narlikar argues that the negotiation behaviour of these three emerging giants could act as an early warning system for diplomats, enabling countries like the US to better understand and handle them.
China, India and Brazil are all expected to rank within the world's top five economies by 2050. All three, however, also sit outside the circle of liberal, western powers which has dictated the course of international politics since the end of the Cold War.
Their intentions, however, remain obscure. The study argues that any new power will temper its diplomacy while still rising in an effort to gain acceptance on the world stage. At the same time, however, it suggests that by forensically examining their negotiating behaviour, clues emerge about what kind of great power each of China, India and Brazil will be.
"Rather than attempting to make educated guesses and predictions about these powers' future behaviour, we should be examining the methods that they are using to negotiate their way to the core of the international system," Dr. Narlikar said. "If correct, this research suggests that so far the established powers in the west have not negotiated correctly with any of the three."
The study examines the negotiating approach of each of the three emerging powers, with particular emphasis on recent talks such as the Doha Development Round, or the UN Climate Change Conference at Copenhagen in December 2009.
It offers an analysis not just of each country's strategy, but also the basis on which it forms coalitions, the way in which its arguments are framed and the willingness or otherwise it has shown to lead on issues of international importance.
Among other recommendations, it suggests that the west should be moving towards a policy of "containment, rather than engagement" with China, which, it argues, will pose perhaps the biggest challenge to the existing international order in the future.
For some, China's high levels of military spending, economic growth and different political system already provide cause for alarm. Typically, however, the west has sought to handle its emergence by engaging it, for example, by giving it a seat on the UN Security Council, or in a variety of bilateral discussions with the US.
Dr. Narlikar suggests that the reason for this may be that since the 1970s, China has generally acted with "quiet restraint" on the international stage - a strategy which has made it appear more moderate than countries such as India, which has a longer record of blocking international agreements.
That position could, however, be changing. The study documents how in the past few years China's tactics have become more heavy-handed, pointing to examples such as the increasingly liberal use of its veto on the UN Security Council, its intransigence at the Copenhagen summit, and its supply of aid to African countries in a manner that appears to rival openly existing international development systems.
"China's recent negotiating behaviour discloses revisionist intentions, in contrast to cautious hedging in the past," Dr. Narlikar writes. "It allows established powers greater reason to pursue containment rather than engagement. Insofar as China's power is only growing, containment today is likely to be less costly than containment tomorrow."
By contrast, the study sees India as characteristically argumentative on the international stage, not least because its domestic political culture rewards its politicians for standing up to the west and its legitimacy rests on the support of smaller, developing countries.
While this may explain India's "just say no" stance on issues such as climate change, the book also indicates that both India and the West need to change their approach. India, it suggests, will secure greater acceptance at the global high table by leading more balanced negotiations internationally and regionally. The West, which has shown a preparedness to bend rules to accommodate India, should be demanding more concessions from it in return.
Dr. Narlikar suggests that the time has come to engage it more seriously, rather than treating it as a "pushover" because it does not pose a threat to the existing order. Doing more to accommodate Brazil, she adds, for example by granting it a much-coveted seat on the UN Security Council, would legitimise and strengthen existing forms of international governance, and send out powerful signals to India and China as they strive for similar levels of acceptance.
Faculty of Language Studies Department of Language Studies In 2nd year, all students will fly to a study abroad destination affiliated with the University in the second semester (4th semester) in principle, while utilizing the knowledge and skills they have learned after entering the program. They will be exposed to local life and experience the different realities of Japan and other parts of the world.
In the Department of Department of Global Japanese Studies Faculty of Language Studies, Faculty of Foreign Studies, in principle, Japanese students study abroad in the first semester of 2nd year, and international students study at partner universities in Japan. Experience different cultures through learning English, Japanese, local culture and history.
As part of the Economic Career Challenge Program (ECCP), the Faculty of Economics offers a short-term training program at Teikyo University of Japan in Durham at Durham University to students who demonstrate outstanding academic performance in the faculty. In addition to improving their English communication skills mainly through discussions, students will also be given the opportunity to attend lectures about economic issues by economics professors at Durham University, visit companies in London, and more.
The Department of Department of International Economy Faculty of Economics conducts research and exchange mainly focusing on the Southeast Asian region. Among them, we conduct short-term and long-term overseas training to learn English in Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, and Cambodia, which are particularly close to Japan and attract many Japanese companies, and Asian training (Economics) to learn economics in Indonesia using English. When you go abroad, in many countries, you have no choice but to use English, which is not your native language, as a communication tool. Furthermore, you need to know a wide range of things, not only the local economy, but also politics, culture, history, etc. Through this program, which includes intercultural understanding and internships, you can acquire the ability to listen to others' opinions in English and express your own thoughts and opinions in English, while also experiencing and learning about "Growing Asia."
In their 6th year, students of the School of Medicine can elect to undergo a 12-week clinical practice program based on a clerkship system (BSC: Bedside Clerkship). A supervising physician is assigned to each student, who conducts patient interviews, examinations, blood sampling, examinations, and medical history in the actual field to the extent permissible. Programs include overseas internships for selected applicants at affiliated hospitals and research institutes such as the University of Cambridge and Harvard University.
For this program, faculty members from various departments of the School of Medicine provide generous support based on their own study abroad experiences. Faculty members, students, and host hospitals will work together in close communication at the time of application, during practical training at the destination, and after students return to Japan. Many students have already been dispatched to their destinations, and we continue strive to educate these students and promote exchange between universities.
This program will be implemented in a new subject called "Global Nursing" from 2022, and will provide clinical training at hospitals in Taiwan, as well as visits to various medical sites such as facilities for the elderly and public health centers. In addition, as part of student exchanges at Taipei Medical University, this is a program to learn about Taiwanese culture and medical conditions while feeling the commonalities and differences between Japanese and Taiwanese nursing.
This training program is for 3rd and 4th year students enrolled in the Department of Radiological Technology of the Faculty of Medical Technology. This short-term training program allows students to experience practical and advanced European medical care at state-run educational, medical, and judicial institutions in the Swiss Confederation, with which the University has a partnership. Radiology students from local institutions of higher learning are also accepted at the university, and the training program is designed to enable mutual exchange.
Faculty of Fukuoka Medical Technology conducts overseas training in Denver, Colorado, USA, with the aim of developing human resources who can play an active role on the global stage. During the training, we will hold seminars on the characteristics of American healthcare and medical issues. They will also visit the U.S. Olympic Training Center, AdventHealth Parker Hospital, Craig Hospital, Regis University, and more. All of these facilities are highly specialized, and this is a valuable opportunity to see the latest equipment and treatment methods.
The Graduate School of Teacher Education has established an Overseas School Education Practical Research course in which students actually visit schools overseas to observe the education process and gain opportunities for practical learning. The goal of the program is to experience the differences in attitudes toward education among students and teachers firsthand, and to learn about how diverse school education is from a global perspective.
On the Teikyo University American Aerospace Experience Tour, students can experience and learn about cutting-edge aerospace engineering institutions such as NASA, which has always led the world in space development. In this interdisciplinary experience that transcends the boundaries of faculties, departments, and campuses, teaching staff from the Department of Aerospace Engineering of the Faculty of Science and Engineering lead tours through NASA Kennedy Space Center, the Air and Space Museum, and other locations.
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