Ethics Foundation Of Moral Valuation Book Pdf Free =LINK= Download
Fran Bottella
MFT has also been used to understand moral values expressed on Facebook pages in support or opposition of (non-COVID-19) vaccination [23]. Pages that defended vaccines tended to focus on the value of the family (related to the moral foundation Care), whereas vaccine hesitancy pages were more focused on the value of freedom (related to the moral foundation Liberty). These findings suggest that differences in vaccine attitudes may be reflected in the type of topics and arguments used.
In summary, while survey studies have highlighted differences between political ideologies in terms of their moral foundations, and previous work has looked at how political ideology is linked to differing vaccine attitudes, little work has examined how these differences are then expressed in online discourse to publicly express opinions on COVID-19 vaccines, especially in a public sphere like Twitter. We examine whether groups with differing political ideologies discuss the COVID-19 vaccine differently, including whether the same words might convey different meanings. This understanding is crucial in developing effective outreach and communication strategies to inform people about the vaccine.
Although MFD has been a widely used technique to understand morality in texts, the dictionary is not domain specific and contains limited terms. It is, therefore, possible that important words in our dataset for understanding moral values about vaccination may be missed. Furthermore, the MFD does not show the context in which certain moral values are applied: e.g. the foundation Care/Harm may be used in the context of vaccinating others and avoiding harm, but also in the context of being harmed by the vaccine itself.
To further understand the specific terms and topics discussed based on political ideology, we next describe the emergent topics and themes identified using topic modeling [41]. Topic modeling is a method to understand hidden semantic structures that might exist in the different ideological groups. Past research shows clear patterns underlying moral foundations of Liberals and Conservatives [15]. Also, Twitter debates are predominantly led by individuals with strong and more extreme political views [37]. We thus focus on very Liberal and very Conservative ideological groups only in this analysis as this may be more likely to reveal disparate structures in attitudes.
Among Liberal tweets, we interpreted topics to be related to moral foundations of Liberty (related to the mandate), Care (getting the vaccine to protect against the virus), Authority (trusting regulatory authorities regarding the vaccine), and Fairness (having access to the vaccine). Among Conservative tweets, we considered topics to be associated with moral foundations of Oppression (around the government mandate) and Harm (around effectiveness of the vaccine). We next describe our justification for deriving these moral foundations.
Liberal tweets discussed the government mandate (topics TL2 and TL3). Because a mandate can be seen as restricting people in their personal liberty and is often discussed in the context of civil rights issues in mandating vaccination [21], we consider these topics to be associated with the moral foundation of Liberty. The mandate is discussed using terms such as love, care, safe, and protect, suggesting that Liberal users discuss the mandate as being protective against COVID-19, and the moral foundation of Care may underlie these topics. It also suggests that they trust the government mandate, suggesting the topics may be related to the moral foundation of Authority. Finally, Liberal tweets write about distribution and access to the vaccine (topic TL5), which can be associated with fair access to the vaccine and the foundation of Fairness. Thus, the topic modeling suggests that those with very Liberal political orientations express attitudes of vaccines in terms of caring for others; viewing authority as promoting the good of vaccines for citizens; that public health may be more important than personal liberty; and fairness in enabling people to get the vaccines.
Conservative tweets also discussed the government mandate (topics TC1, TC2, and TC3). However, in contrast, they refer to the mandate using the terms of force, choice, body, and freedom. These terms suggest that the discussion is likely around limits on free choice and liberty, suggesting that the moral foundation of Oppression underlies it.
Finally, topic TC5 (safety) refers to the spread of COVID-19 and the risk of death, which suggests that the moral foundation of Harm underlies it. Therefore, the topic modeling results suggest that those with very Conservative political ideologies express moral arguments in terms of how the vaccine might cause harm and in terms of how the vaccine initiative deprives individual liberties.
Nursing continues to be the most trusted of professions (Norman, 2016, cited in DeSimone 2019). As a profession, nursing cannot separate itself from moral/ethical intent and behavior. Nursing educators therefore have a huge responsibility for building a strong moral and ethical foundation upon which future nurses will build their practice.
Whereas ethics deals with one's own personal beliefs of what is good/bad or right/wrongbased on their experience with someone or something. A newborn baby for instance who hasa blank slate mind has no morals or ethics to follow right from the start. His innate feelingscan automatically and instinctively decide between what is good/bad for him based on currentand past experiences. For example, he may touch a hot oven for the first time and get himselfmildly burned because he does not understand what 'hot' truly means and what its effects orimpact on his skin could potentially do to him. But another repetitive action could make himrealize and understand that touching a hot oven while it's running is a bad idea, thusdeveloping a cognitive approach that such an act is unethically bad for him. On the contrary,a moral example is if the child's mother has told him that praying is something that all peopledo because we would be praising God. The child may or may not belief this moral sayingdepending on how he perceives it. And in my opinion, adults should not always believe in anymoral sayings especially where no proof, evidence, or explanation has ever been provided as
This is the second part of a paper on the relevance and significance of the Hippocratic Oath to modern medical ethical and moral values with the aim at answering questions on controversial issues related to the Oath. Part I argued that the general attributes and ethical values of the Oath are relevant to the modern world. Part II attempts to elucidate the interpretation of the specific injunctions of the Oath from today's perspective in relation to ethical values concerning the duties of physicians to patients and society. The objective is to prove that the Oath has established the general context of medical ethics of the physician-patient relationship, which reflects long-lasting moral values that still define the medical profession. The Oath has exemplified the fundamental modern ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and confidentiality. Its foremost message focuses on patients' best interests and not on the prohibition of surgery, euthanasia or abortion, as is generally believed. Furthermore, the Oath as a code of professional identity has had a powerful impact on modem judicial opinions regarding medical ethics. In a lot of ways, it is as relevant of the values of contemporary medicine as it was for ancient medicine. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
One might argue that the situation just described is no different fromthe moral issues revolving around the production, access, and controlof any basic necessity of life. If one party has the privilege of theexclusive production, access, and/or control of some natural resource,then that by necessity prohibits others from using this resourcewithout the consent of the exclusive owner. This is not necessarily sowith digital information. Digital information is nonexclusory, meaningwe can all, at least theoretically, possess the same digitalinformation without excluding its use from others. This is becausecopying digital information from one source to another does notrequire eliminating the previous copy. Unlike a physical object,theoretically, we can all possess the same digital object as it can becopied indefinitely with no loss of fidelity. Since making thesecopies is often so cheap that it is almost without cost, there is notechnical obstacle to the spread of all information as long as thereare people willing to copy it and distribute it. Only appeals tomorality, or economic justice might prevent the distribution ofcertain forms of information. For example, digital entertainmentmedia, such as songs or video, has been a recurring battleground asusers and producers of the digital media fight to either curtail orextend the free distribution of this material. Therefore,understanding the role of moral values in information technology isindispensable to the design and use of these technologies (Johnson,1985, Moore, 1985, Nissenbaum, 1998, Spinello, 2001). It should benoted that this entry will not directly address the phenomenologicalapproach to the ethics of information technology since there is adetailed entry on this subject available (see the entry on phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology).
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