Multi Author Pharmacology Pdf Download
Iberio Ralda
The incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi Arabia is not surprising given the relatively high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Hepatitis C is also common in Saudi Arabia with a prevalence rate of 1% to 3% of the population, which further increases the risk of HCC. The incidence of HCC has been increasing in recent years, with HCV-related HCC accounting for a significant proportion of cases. Traditional medicine has long been a part of Saudi Arabian culture, and many medicinal plants have been used for centuries to treat various ailments, including cancer. Following that, this study combines network pharmacology with bioinformatics approaches to potentially revolutionize HCV-related HCC treatment by identifying effective phytochemicals of indigenous plants of Medina valley. Eight indigenous plants including Rumex vesicarius, Withania somnifera, Rhazya stricta, Heliotropium arbainense, Asphodelus fistulosus, Pulicaria incise, Commicarpus grandiflorus, and Senna alexandrina, were selected for the initial screening of potential drug-like compounds. At first, the information related to active compounds of eight indigenous plants was retrieved from public databases and through literature review which was later combined with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained through microarray datasets. Later, a compound-target genes-disease network was constructed which uncovered that kaempferol, rhazimol, beta-sitosterol, 12-Hydroxy-3-keto-bisnor-4-cholenic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 24-Methyldesmosterol, stigmasterone, fucosterol, and withanolide_J decisively contributed to the cell growth and proliferation by affecting ALB and PTGS2 proteins. Moreover, the molecular docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation of 20 ns well complemented the binding affinity of the compound and revealed strong stability of predicted compounds at the docked site. But the findings were not validated in actual patients, so further investigation is needed to confirm the potential use of selected medicinal plants towards HCV-related HC.
One of the most difficult problems that hinder the development and application of herbal medicine is how to illuminate the global effects of herbs on the human body. Currently, the chemo-centric network pharmacology methodology regards herbs as a mixture of chemical ingredients and constructs the 'herb-compound-target-disease' connections based on bioinformatics methods, to explore the pharmacological effects of herbal medicine. However, this approach is severely affected by the complexity of the herbal composition. Alternatively, gene-expression profiles induced by herbal treatment reflect the overall biological effects of herbs and are suitable for studying the global effects of herbal medicine. Here, we develop an online transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacology platform (TMNP) for exploring the global effects of herbal medicine. Firstly, we build specific functional gene signatures for different biological scales from molecular to higher tissue levels. Then, specific algorithms are designed to measure the correlations of transcriptional profiles and types of gene signatures. Finally, TMNP uses pharmacotranscriptomics of herbal medicine as input and builds associations between herbs and different biological scales to explore the multi-scale effects of herb medicine. We applied TMNP to a single herb Astragalus membranaceus and Xuesaitong injection to demonstrate the power to reveal the multi-scale effects of herbal medicine. TMNP integrating herbal medicine and multiple biological scales into the same framework, will greatly extend the conventional network pharmacology model centering on the chemical components, and provide a window for systematically observing the complex interactions between herbal medicine and the human body. TMNP is available at
Phage lysins alone are capable of bacterial cell lysis, whereas holins are not; therefore lysins have received a lot of attention as potential antimicrobial agents. These proteins are fast acting, potent, and inactive against eukaryotic cells. Lysins have successfully saved mice from bacteremia caused by multidrug-resistant A. baumannii[65], Streptococcus pneumoniae[66], and MRSA[67], among others[63]. Combining phage lysins and antibiotics may be more effective at eliminating infections than by using antibiotics alone, as demonstrated in vitro and ex vivo in a colon model using C. difficile.[68]. Not all lysins show equal therapeutic potential, however, as demonstrated by Gilmer et al[69] who identified a uniquely potent lysin, PlySs2, which was highly effective against a range of pathogenic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species, including MRSA, and was fully functional after 10 freeze-thaws. A single dose administered intraperitoneally to mice in a mixed S. pyogenes and MRSA bacteremia model provided a significantly higher survival rate than treatment with 3 previously characterized lysins[69]. A recent study exploring the isolation and application of phage proteins has revealed that lysins are even capable of crossing epithelial cell membranes to eliminate difficult to treat intracellular infections of S. pyogenes[70]. Phage lysins can also disrupt vegetative cells as demonstrated with the B. anthracis lysin PlyG which is capable of attacking endospores of bacillus, a distinct advantage over antibiotics[71]. Lysins can also be mass produced through common recombinant techniques. The gene for bacteriophage-derived cysteine, histidine-dependent amido hydrolase/peptidase (CHAPK) has been cloned and inserted into E. coli to be overexpressed for purification. Not only is the CHAPK lysin highly effective against MRSA, but it can disperse S. aureus biofilms[72].
Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) is a well-known herbal formula used to nourish liver and blood, promote blood circulation and Qi flow in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical uses showed that CSS could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study aimed to elucidate the multi-target mechanisms of CSS on AD using network pharmacology analysis and verify its effect by biological experiments. Firstly, a total of 152 active compounds in CSS, 520 predicted biological targets and 160 AD-related targets were identified. Subsequently, the networks including herb-compound-target network, AD-target network, and CSS potential target-AD target network were constructed. 60 key targets highly responsible for the beneficial effect of CSS on AD were identified by central network topological analysis. They were significantly characterized as nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins with molecular function of protein binding. They were also enriched in various biological processes through PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and HIF signaling pathway by GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Pretreatment with CSS ameliorated Aβ-induced neural cell death and reduced the number of apoptotic cells in differentiated PC12 cells. Moreover, increased phosphorylation of Akt accompanied with decreased Bax expression was found after CSS pretreatment, suggesting that Akt signaling pathway was involved in the protective effect of CSS against neural cells death. The present study systematically revealed the multi-target mechanisms of CSS on AD using network pharmacology approach, as well as validated the protective effect of CSS against Aβ-induced neural cells death through Akt signaling pathway. It provided indications for further mechanistic studies and also for the development of CSS as a potential treatment for AD patients.
For many years, aminoglycosides antibiotics, which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, have been the main drugs of choice for the treatment of DR-TB (Serio et al. 2018:1). This group of antibiotics include drugs such as kanamycin, amikacin and capreomycin. As these drugs are injectables, patients are required to be hospitalised, in order for the drug to be administered. Aminoglycosides are associated with multiple detrimental adverse effects, such as irreversible hearing loss (Reuter et al. 2017:1114).
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). This research does not involve human subjects, human materials, and therefore is not subject to approval of an institutional ethics committee.
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