During the 1920s Prohibition era, when the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the sale, manufacture and transportation of alcoholic beverages, Italian-American gangs (along with other ethnic gangs) entered the booming bootleg liquor business and transformed themselves into sophisticated criminal enterprises, skilled at smuggling, money laundering and bribing police and other public officials. During this time, the Sicilian Mafia in Italy, which had flourished since at least the mid-19th century, was under attack from the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini (1883-1945). Some Sicilian Mafiosi escaped to the United States, where they got involved in bootlegging and became part of the burgeoning American Mafia. The Mafia in the U.S. and Sicily were separate entities, although the Americans adopted some Italian traditions, including omerta, an all-important code of conduct and secrecy that forbid any cooperation with government authorities.
Omerta is a member of a religious order in Italy whose goal it is to defend the citizens of his country. The word 'omerta' means 'silence' in Italian, and Omerta, along with all members of his order, observes a strict vow of silence. The order has existed for centuries, so much so that they have developed the ability to read and project marginal thoughts through their silence.
What images come to mind when we hear the words Sicily and Sicilians? Often our thoughts range from scenic vacation spots, delicious seafood and cannoli, and sweet grandmothers dressed in black, to mafia violence, vendettas, and the deep-rooted code of silence, omerta. But, how did these ideas get to us? Is there truth in them? Is there more to this island and its people? Through careful analysis of literary and cinematic representations of this Italian region, and those that do and have inhabited it, we will trace and analyze how Sicilians have represented themselves, how mainland Italians have interpreted Sicilian culture, how outsiders have understood these symbols, how our own perceptions shaped what we thought we knew about this place and, finally, how our own observations will have evolved throughout our studies. We will watch films such as Tornatore's Cinema paradiso and Coppola's The Godfather II, and read texts such as Lampedusa's The Leopard and Maraini's Bagheria. This course aims to increase students' understanding and knowledge of the Sicilian socio-cultural system. It will help students develop their ability to understand and interpret Sicilian culture through close analysis of its history, values, attitudes, and experiences, thereby allowing them to better recognize and examine the values and practices that define their own, as well as others', cultural frameworks.
"There are a lot of people who are prepared to betray their sport," said Doni after admitting his involvement last year. "An omerta [code of silence] is destroying Italian football and we have to blow that wide open. We must have the courage to say how rotten football is."
The second stage--individualism and exchange--was accordingly theoutcome of such oppression. Security has been one of the crucial elements intaking care of the community and society. With violence that puts your lifein danger, consideration of long term societal benefits is not expected, sofrom an egocentric perspective, the security of your life becomes moresignificant. This is also the reason why the Mafia has become more powerfulthrough the features of this network structure and that people valued it toask for 'private protection.' (32) For these reasons, peoplepreferred to obey 'omerta'--code of silence--with any issuerelating to the Mafia. These first two stages would be labeled aspre-conventional morality reasoning, which emerged in the atmosphere ofviolence, embezzlement, and oppression, so egocentrism and personal benefitsbecame the priority for the local people to survive under such a brutality.