Maybe the cantera project is a good starting point for integrating cvodes into Stan. I think the license allows so and the code looks fairly clean:
https://github.com/Cantera/cantera/tree/2334410b5bd6a576169b56ce8596bce4a55b4541/src/numerics
and
see there the cvodes integrator classes. Looks like nice code which exposes most major options important for ODE integration and also enables LAPACK when available which should give a decent speedup (2-3x) when enabled.
The license is "new BSD" from the project home:
https://code.google.com/p/cantera/
So it should be good to go into Stan?
Sebastian