Ethiopian Drm Policy Pdf

[Yi Pressimone]

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On September 17, 2021, by Executive Order 14046, I declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the situation in and in relation to northern Ethiopia.

The situation in and in relation to northern Ethiopia, which has been marked by activities that threaten the peace, security, and stability of Ethiopia and the greater Horn of Africa region, continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared in Executive Order 14046 of September 17, 2021, must continue in effect beyond September 17, 2023. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 14046 with respect to Ethiopia.

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Experience over the lastcouple of decades in Ethiopia has shown that as human numbers increased,the population carrying capacity of the environment decreased. A high populationgrowth rate induces increased demand for resources and the rate at whichthese resources are exploited. In Ethiopia, where technology has not keptpace with the demands for greater productivity, environmentally harmfuland economically counterproductive methods of exploiting land andassociated resources ( forests, animal resources, etc.) are resorted toin order to meet immediate needs. As a consequence of this, climatic conditionsare becoming erratic and soil quality is declining at an alarming rate.

The country was ravaged byboth man made and natural disasters. The proportion of land with forestcover has been diminishing at alarming rates. The land area covered byforests has gone down from approximately 40.0% at the turn of the centuryto approximately 3.0% at the present time. The annual rate of deforestationis estimated at 88,000 hectares per year while the rate at which this lossis being replaced through afforestation is estimated at 6,000 hectaresa year.

The soil has been and continuesto be eroded in the absence of coherent and sustained conservation efforts.Popular awareness of conservation issues is, still, in its nascent stage.It is estimated that over two billion cubic meters of soil is being washeddown, annually, by torrential rains down the Nile valley leaving most ofthe Ethiopian highlands with seriously eroded landscape and severely reducedpopulation carrying capacity.

As population increased thedemand for fuel and construction materials increased, resulting in thepractice of reckless tree felling. State ownership of forests and the exclusionof local communities from the management and legitimate utilization offorest resources may have contributed to the lack of any consistent effortto replace trees cut for various purposes.

Under the circumstances describedin the preceding pages, achieving such important national goals as foodself sufficiency, universal primary education, improving the accessibilityof health services to the largest possible number in the shortest possibletime, increasing employment opportunities, reducing underemployment inthe labour force and improving housing conditions, among others, are provingto be exceedingly difficult under a scenario of continuing high fertility.

Displacement of significantsegments of the population due to political and war related causes furthercompounded the problem associated with man/environment interaction. Themassive but haphazard movement of population from one part of the countryto another, induced or self propelled, has aggravated the problem of environmentalfragility in the 1970s and the 1980s.

Large areas of the countryare inhabited by nomadic pastoralists who move over large expanses of landwith large herds of livestock playing havoc on the environment. Environmentaldegradation in these areas has caused and continues to cause serious hardshipto pastoralist groups. Non-pastoralist groups are also affected by environmentaldegradation in their own turfs. Thus conflict between peoples of differingsocial organizations of production but of overlapping needs for land comeinto frequent conflict with each other with serious consequences for peaceand stability.

Crop producing areas arebecoming less and less productive. There are several sides to the problemof declining productivity in the crop producing sector. Among these are:lack of proper agricultural policy designed to stimulate dynamism in thesector, forced collectivization, the limited accessibility of modern factorinputs (suitable farm implements, fertilizers, pest control systems, methodsof harvesting and storage, etc.) to small farmers outside the collectivizedsystem and, in general, the weak and ineffective organizational setupof the agricultural sector. Agricultural extension services are weak andlargely ineffective.

But more importantly, decliningproductivity is a function of increasing man/land ratio occasioned by rapidpopulation growth. Continued technological backwardness and absence ofany vision about what the country should look like in the future have combinedto render agricultural development policy and programs ineffective. Landuse patterns have been affected by the expansion of large scale state agriculturalenterprises and the programme of relocating segments of the populationfrom one part of the country to another.

The seriousness of the problemmilitating against the attainment of the goal of food self sufficiencyis, further, illustrated by the direction in which changes in food supplyhave been going in relation to population dynamics. Alternative picturesof the food situation in Ethiopia under three population growth assumptionssuggest that the growth in demand for food (cereals only) is primarilya function of population growth and only secondarily, a function of theincrease in per capita consumption. Going by the high variant populationgrowth assumption does not provide even the remotest hope of attainingthe goal of food self sufficiency any time during the first few decadesof the next century. On the other hand with significant reduction in thelevel of fertility the country will come close to achieving that goal sometimeduring the first two decades of the 21st century, especially if this isaccompanied by increased effort in increasing the rate of growth in foodproduction. Under the low variant population growth assumption, demandfor food is expected to grow at the rate of 2.3 % a year between the years2015 and 2025 while under the high variant assumption demand for food wouldincrease at over 5.0% a year.

In spite of the fact thatduring the last several decades enrollment figures, in absolute terms,at various levels of education have significantly increased, large proportionsof the school age population still remain outside the school system. Becauseof the more rapid rate at which enrollment increased relative to facilities,the quality of education has seriously deteriorated. Student teacher ratios,number of students per class room and number of students per textbook atall levels have been increasing and continue to increase rapidly.

The issue of quality of educationis one that revolves around, inter alia, the increase in demand occasionedby the rapid growth in the size of the school age population. Under thehigh variant assumption of population growth, the school age population(ages 718) is expected to increase from 12.0 million in 1984 to 42.5million in the year 2020 representing an average annual growth rate of3.5%.

Considering the country'sbudgetary constraints, it is not difficult to appreciate the cost implicationsof pursuing the goal of universal primary education and increasing accessto second and third level facilities.

Health policy in Ethiopiais rooted in the primary health care approach which has health education,education in personal and environmental hygiene, nutrition, immunizationand family planning for standard components. The network of health careservices has always been limited in scope and the situation deterioratedin the face of intensified civil war. Rehabilitating the rundown healthinfrastructure and restoring [it] to the status quo ante is, in itselfa tremendous task in the transitional period.

It was estimated that, around1990, only 46 per cent or less of the population of Ethiopia lived withina reasonable distance from health care facilities reasonable distancebeing defined as a radius of 10 kilometres from where people live. Thepopulation/physician and population/nurse ratios were estimated at approximately30,700 and 15,000 respectively. Daily calorie supply per capita was estimatedat 76.0% of the recommended daily intake. Only 18% of the rural and 78%of the urban population has access to safe water supply and 5.3% use anyform of latrines. Clearly, even in terms of the basic necessities of lifethe Ethiopian population is severely underserved and there is a longway to go in meeting these needs even in the most rudimentary manner. Therewill be no basis for expecting that significant inroads would be made towardssolving these basic health problems if the present high rate of populationgrowth continues. The figures cited above represent national averages andas such hide a considerable degree of regional disparity.

Community based health careprograms and outreach services are still in their rudimentary stage. Theexpanded program of immunization (EPI), the establishment of which generatedso much optimism, has suffered serious setbacks in the late 1980s and theearly 1990s. Data for the period covering July to September 1992 indicatethe following:

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