In the history of physics, aether theories (also known as ether theories) propose the existence of a medium, a space-filling substance or field as a transmission medium for the propagation of electromagnetic or gravitational forces. Since the development of special relativity, theories using a substantial aether fell out of use in modern physics, and are now replaced by more abstract models.
This early modern aether has little in common with the aether of classical elements from which the name was borrowed. The assorted theories embody the various conceptions of this medium and substance.
Isaac Newton suggests the existence of an aether in the Third Book of Opticks (1st ed. 1704; 2nd ed. 1718): "Doth not this aethereal medium in passing out of water, glass, crystal, and other compact and dense bodies in empty spaces, grow denser and denser by degrees, and by that means refract the rays of light not in a point, but by bending them gradually in curve lines? ...Is not this medium much rarer within the dense bodies of the Sun, stars, planets and comets, than in the empty celestial space between them? And in passing from them to great distances, doth it not grow denser and denser perpetually, and thereby cause the gravity of those great bodies towards one another, and of their parts towards the bodies; every body endeavouring to go from the denser parts of the medium towards the rarer?"[1]
From the 16th until the late 19th century, gravitational effects had also been modeled using an aether. In a note at the end of his work "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field", Maxwell discussed a model for gravity based on a medium similar to the one he used for the electromagnetic field. He concluded that the medium would have "an enormous intrinsic energy" and would necessarily have to be diminished in areas of mass. He could not "understand in what way a medium can possess such properties" so he did not pursue it further.[8] The most well-known formulation is Le Sage's theory of gravitation, although variations on the idea were entertained by Isaac Newton, Bernhard Riemann, and Lord Kelvin. For example, Kelvin published a note on Le Sage's model in 1873, in which he found Le Sage's proposal thermodynamically flawed and suggested a possible way to salvage it using the then popular vortex theory of the atom. Kelvin later concluded,
This kinetic theory of matter is a dream, and can be nothing else, until it can explain chemical affinity, electricity, magnetism, gravitation, and the inertia of masses (that is, crowds) of vortices. Le Sage's theory might give an explanation of gravity and of its relation to inertia of masses, on the vortex theory, were it not for the essential aeolotropy of crystals, and the seemingly perfect isotropy of gravity. No finger post pointing towards a way that can possibly lead to a surmounting of this difficulty, or a turning of its flank, has been discovered, or imagined as discoverable.[9]
Albert Einstein sometimes used the word aether for the gravitational field within general relativity, but the only similarity of this relativistic aether concept with the classical aether models lies in the presence of physical properties in space, which can be identified through geodesics. As historians such as John Stachel argue, Einstein's views on the "new aether" are not in conflict with his abandonment of the aether in 1905. As Einstein himself pointed out, no "substance" and no state of motion can be attributed to that new aether.[10] Einstein's use of the word "aether" found little support in the scientific community, and played no role in the continuing development of modern physics.[11][12]
Quantum mechanics can be used to describe spacetime as being non-empty at extremely small scales, fluctuating and generating particle pairs that appear and disappear incredibly quickly. It has been suggested by some such as Paul Dirac[13] that this quantum vacuum may be the equivalent in modern physics of a particulate aether. However, Dirac's aether hypothesis was motivated by his dissatisfaction with quantum electrodynamics, and it never gained support from the mainstream scientific community.[14]
It is ironic that Einstein's most creative work, the general theory of relativity, should boil down to conceptualizing space as a medium when his original premise [in special relativity] was that no such medium existed [..] The word 'ether' has extremely negative connotations in theoretical physics because of its past association with opposition to relativity. This is unfortunate because, stripped of these connotations, it rather nicely captures the way most physicists actually think about the vacuum. . . . Relativity actually says nothing about the existence or nonexistence of matter pervading the universe, only that any such matter must have relativistic symmetry. [..] It turns out that such matter exists. About the time relativity was becoming accepted, studies of radioactivity began showing that the empty vacuum of space had spectroscopic structure similar to that of ordinary quantum solids and fluids. Subsequent studies with large particle accelerators have now led us to understand that space is more like a piece of window glass than ideal Newtonian emptiness. It is filled with 'stuff' that is normally transparent but can be made visible by hitting it sufficiently hard to knock out a part. The modern concept of the vacuum of space, confirmed every day by experiment, is a relativistic ether. But we do not call it this because it is not accepted (taboo).[15]
Louis de Broglie stated, "Any particle, ever isolated, has to be imagined as in continuous "energetic contact" with a hidden medium."[16][17] However, as de Broglie pointed out, this medium "could not serve as a universal reference medium, as this would be contrary to relativity theory."[16]
The Aether is a hostile, paradise-like dimension of floating islands high in the sky, where you can begin a new survival adventure packed with new ores, mythical creatures and perilous Dungeons.
To access the Aether, the player must construct an aether portal in the Overworld. To create the portal, the player must first build a rectangular glowstone frame, ranging in size from a minimum of 4 blocks 5 blocks to a maximum of 23 blocks 23 blocks. Once the frame is built, it can then be activated by placing water within the frame using a water bucket, melting a block of ice inside the frame, or using dispensers.
The portal functions much like a vanilla Minecraft nether portal, allowing most entities (with the exception of the wither, the ender dragon, and entities riding or being ridden by another entity) to be transported to a corresponding portal in the Aether. In Survival, the player must stand in an aether portal for 4 seconds to get to the Aether, and can step out of a portal before it completes its animation to abort the teleport. The portal plays a sound effect while the player is inside it. If there is no corresponding portal, a new 45 portal is created. The portal can be destroyed by breaking the glowstone frame, by a nearby explosion, or by placing lava into it with a bucket or dispenser in the overworld. Any of the blocks in the corners can be destroyed without destroying the portal.
Until the gold boss is defeated, it is always day in the Aether and there is no weather. After the gold boss is defeated, the Aether follows a daylight cycle. Daytime lasts 30 minutes as opposed to the Overworld's 10 minutes. Light otherwise functions exactly the same as it does in the Overworld.
Flora and fauna in the Aether share some similarities to the Overworld's. Several varieties of trees and flowers grow on the islands, along with berry bushes. There are also many passive and helpful mobs to be found in the Aether, just as there are also several hostile and potentially dangerous mobs too.
The Aether features floating islands suspended over a void. The skybox contains a sun and a moon, but no clouds. Islands are mainly composed of aether grass, aether dirt, holystone, and quicksoil, alongside several ore blocks. Falling off of an island or flying below y level 0 will teleport the player to the Overworld at the same x- and y-coordinates.
The Aether is stored in .minecraft/saves/worldname/dimensions/aether/the_aether/data. Deleting this folder resets the Aether, along with all player-made changes and buildings in that dimension.
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