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Make gets its knowledge of how to build your program from a filecalled the makefile, which lists each of the non-source filesand how to compute it from other files. When you write a program, youshould write a makefile for it, so that it is possible to use Make tobuild and install the program.
A rule in the makefile tells Make how to execute a series ofcommands in order to build a target file from source files.It also specifies a list of dependencies of the target file.This list should include all files (whether source files or other targets)which are used as inputs to the commands in the rule.
When you run Make, you can specify particular targets to update;otherwise, Make updates the first target listed in the makefile. Ofcourse, any other target files needed as input for generating thesetargets must be updated first.
Make uses the makefile to figure out which target files ought to bebrought up to date, and then determines which of them actually need tobe updated. If a target file is newer than all of its dependencies,then it is already up to date, and it does not need to be regenerated.The other target files do need to be updated, but in the right order:each target file must be regenerated before it is used in regeneratingother targets.
Documentation forMakeis online, as is documentation for mostGNU software. It can also be accessed by runninginfo make orman make, or by looking at/usr/share/doc/make/,or similar directories on your system. A brief summary is available byrunning make --help.
In software development, Make is a build automation tool that builds executable programs and libraries from source code by reading files called makefiles which specify how to derive the target program. Though integrated development environments and language-specific compiler features can also be used to manage a build process, Make remains widely used, especially in Unix and Unix-like operating systems.
Before Make's introduction, the Unix build system most commonly consisted of operating system dependent "make" and "install" shell scripts accompanying their program's source code. Being able to combine the commands for the build targets into a single file and being able to abstract dependency tracking and archive handling was an important step in the direction of modern build environments.
POSIX includes standardization of the basic features and operation of the Make utility, and is implemented with varying degrees of compatibility with Unix-based versions of Make. In general, simple makefiles may be used between various versions of Make with reasonable success. GNU Make, Makepp and some versions of BSD Make default to looking first for files named "GNUmakefile",[35] "Makeppfile"[36] and "BSDmakefile"[37] respectively, which allows one to put makefiles which use implementation-defined behavior in separate locations.
Make searches the current directory for a makefile, e.g., GNU Make searches files in order for a file named one of .mw-parser-output .monospacedfont-family:monospace,monospaceGNUmakefile, makefile, or Makefile. and then invokes the specified (or default) target(s) from that file.
The makefile language is similar to declarative programming.[40][41][42][43] This class of language, in which necessary end conditions are described but the order in which actions are to be taken is not important, is sometimes confusing to programmers used to imperative programming.
A makefile consists of rules. Each rule begins with a textual dependency line which defines a target followed by a colon (:) and optionally an enumeration of components (files or other targets) on which the target depends. The dependency line is arranged so that the target (left hand of the colon) depends on components (right hand of the colon). It is common to refer to components as prerequisites of the target.[45]
Each command line must begin with a tab character to be recognized as a command. The tab is a whitespace character, but the space character does not have the same special meaning. This is problematic, since there may be no visual difference between a tab and a series of space characters. This aspect of the syntax of makefiles is often subject to criticism; it has been described by Eric S. Raymond as "one of the worst design botches in the history of Unix"[46] and The Unix-Haters Handbook said "using tabs as part of the syntax is like one of those pungee stick traps in The Green Berets". Feldman explains the choice as caused by a workaround for an early implementation difficulty preserved by a desire for backward compatibility with the very first users:
Each command is executed by a separate shell or command-line interpreter instance. Since operating systems use different command-line interpreters this can lead to unportable makefiles. For example, GNU Make (all POSIX Makes) executes commands with /bin/sh by default, where Unix commands like cp are normally used. In contrast to that, Microsoft's nmake executes commands with cmd.exe where batch commands like copy are available but not necessarily cp.
A makefile can contain definitions of macros. Macros are usually referred to as variables when they hold simple string definitions, like CC=clang. Macros in makefiles may be overridden in the command-line arguments passed to the Make utility. Environment variables are also available as macros.
Macros allow users to specify the programs invoked and other custom behavior during the build process. For example, the macro CC is frequently used in makefiles to refer to the location of a C compiler, and the user may wish to specify a particular compiler to use.
Suffix rules cannot have any prerequisites of their own.[50] If they have any, they are treated as normal files with unusual names, not as suffix rules. GNU Make supports suffix rules for compatibility with old makefiles but otherwise encourages usage of pattern rules.[51]
Below is a very simple makefile that by default (the "all" rule is listed first) compiles a source file called "helloworld.c" using the system's C compiler and also provides a "clean" target to remove the generated files if the user desires to start over. The $@ and $
Many systems come with predefined Make rules and macros to specify common tasks such as compilation based on file suffix. This lets users omit the actual (often unportable) instructions of how to generate the target from the source(s). On such a system the makefile above could be modified as follows:
That "helloworld.o" depends on "helloworld.c" is now automatically handled by Make. In such a simple example as the one illustrated here this hardly matters, but the real power of suffix rules becomes evident when the number of source files in a software project starts to grow. One only has to write a rule for the linking step and declare the object files as prerequisites. Make will then implicitly determine how to make all the object files and look for changes in all the source files.
Simple suffix rules work well as long as the source files do not depend on each other and on other files such as header files. Another route to simplify the build process is to use so-called pattern matching rules that can be combined with compiler-assisted dependency generation. As a final example requiring the gcc compiler and GNU Make, here is a generic makefile that compiles all C files in a folder to the corresponding object files and then links them to the final executable. Before compilation takes place, dependencies are gathered in makefile-friendly format into a hidden file ".depend" that is then included to the makefile. Portable programs ought to avoid constructs used below.
Makefile consist of dependencies and a forgotten or an extra one may not be immediately obvious to the user and may result in subtle bugs in the generated software that are hard to catch. Various approaches may be used to avoid this problem and keep dependencies in source and makefiles in sync. One approach is by using compiler to keep track of dependencies changes .e.g GCC can statically analyze the source code and produce rules for the given file automatically by using -MM switch. The other approach would be makefiles or third-party tools that would generate makefiles with dependencies (e.g. Automake toolchain by the GNU Project, can do so automatically).
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The Chicago Department of Transportation can help you and your community get a People Place. Together we can help make Chicago the most people friendly city in the United States. An application, schedule and design guidelines for Make Way for People projects can be downloaded here:
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